Chapter 10: Social Thinking

Front 1

interpersonal attraction

Back 1

The phenomenon of people liking eachother

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Golden Ratio

Back 2

a ratio that humans are attracted to- certain individuals with certain body proportions

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self disclosure

Back 3

a component of attraction

-sharing one's thoughts, fears, goals etc.

-deepens friendship if here is reciprocal behavior

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reciprocal liking

Back 4

is a phenomenon whereby one person likes another person better if they believe that other person likes them (duh...)

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proximity

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just being physically close to someone, plays a role in our attraction to him or her

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mere exposure effect/ familiarity effect

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says that people prefer stimuli that they have been exposed to more frequently

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aggression

Back 7

a behavior that intends to cause hard or increase social dominance

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the amygdala's role in aggression

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-part of the brain that is responsible for associating stimuli and their corresponding rewards or punishments.

- in short, tells us whether something is a threat or not

Front 9

prefrontal cortex roles in aggression?

Back 9

regulates the amygdala- can put breaks on it in order to avoid impulsiveness and reduce emotional reactivity

-reduced activity in prefrontal cortex can inrease aggressive behavior

Front 10

cognitive neoassociation model

Back 10

says we are more likely to respond to others aggressively when we are feeling negative emotions

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four main types of attachment

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avoidant, secure, ambivalent, and disorganized

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John Bowlby

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psychiatrist who did attachment study after WWII after noticing the negative effects on social and emotional development on orphaned children.

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Mary Ainsworth

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expounded on attachment theory saying that infants need a consistent caregiver during first 6 months of life to 2 years in order to explore world and develop right

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secure attachment

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is seen when a child has a consistent caregiver and is able to go out and explore knowing that she has a secure base to return to

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avoidant attachment

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results when the caregiver has little or no response to a distressed child. Given the choice, these kids will show no preference between a stranger and the caregiver. They show little distress when caregiver leaves and little to no relief when caregiver returns

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ambivalent attachement

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occurs when a caregiver has a inconsistent response to a child's distress. sometimes responds well, sometimes doesnt respond well. Child cannot rely on caregiver for consistent response. distressed during separation but mixed response when caregiver returns

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disorganized attachement

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children show no clear pattern of behavior in response to the caregiver's absence or presence, but show mix of different behaviors-avoidance/resistance, seeming dazed or confused, or repetitive behaviors. Often associated with erratic behavior and social withdrawal from caregiver. May be red flag for abuse

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social support

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is the perception or reality that one is cared for by a social network.

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emotional support

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is listening, affirming, and empathizing with someone's feelings

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esteem support

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similar to emotional but touches more on affirming the qualities and the skills of the person

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material support (aka tangible support)

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any type of financial or material contribution to another person

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informational support

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refers to providing information that will help someone

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network support

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is the type of support that gives someone a sense of belonging

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foraging

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seeking out and eating food and is driven by biological, psychological, and social influences.

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the sensation of hunger is controlled by which part of the brain?

Back 25

hypothalamus- hormone regulation

lateral HT- promotes hunger

ventromedial HT- promotes satiety

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mating system

Back 26

describes the organization of a group's sexual behavior

- humans have immense flexibility in mating system, and heavily influenced by social and biological factors.

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mate choice (or intersexual selection)

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a selection of a mate based on attraction

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mate bias

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refers to how choosy members of a species are when choosing a mate

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direct benefits of mating

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when mating provides material advantages, protection, or emotional support

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indirect advantages of mating

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promoting better fitness in offspring

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phenotypic benefits (mating)

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observable traits that make a potential mate more attractive to the opposite sex

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sensory bias (mating)

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development of a trait to match a preexisting preference that exists in the population ( for ex: fiddler crabs are attracted to things that rise above horizon line since may be sign of food, male crabs build pillars around their territory to attract mates

Front 33

Fisherian (or runaway selection)

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is a positive feedback mechanism in which a particular trait that has no effect on survival becomes more and more exaggerated over time. This trait becomes more and more desirable and more likely to be passed on. (ex: the feathers of a male peacock)

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indicator traits

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a trait that signifies overall good health and well being of an organism, increasing its attractiveness to mates. Traits may or may not be genetic in origin (ex: cats are attracted to males with shiny coats)

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genetic compatibility

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the creation of mate pairs that, when combined, have complementary genetics.

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altruism

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a form of helping behavior in which the person's intent is to help another person at some cost to himself.

Front 37

empathy

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the ability to experience the emotions of another, though to be a strong influence on altruism

Front 38

the empathy-altruism behavior

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one explanation for the relationship between the 2

-says a person helps another person when they feel empathy for them, no matter the cost.

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game theory

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attempts to explain decision making behavior (see pg 354)

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evolutionary stable strategy (ESS)

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When an ESS is adopted in an environment by a population, natural selection will prevent any alternative strategies from arising

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The Hawk Dove Game

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-classic revolutionary game

-2 players choose either a hawk or dove

-hawk fights aggressively, fights until wins or is injured

-dove- fight avoidance strategy, fight at first but retreat if it gets too much, will also share food

Front 42

What are the three outcomes of Hawk Dove Game?

Back 42

hawk- hawk: only one will win, another will lose

hawk-dove: hawk will win invariably

dove-dove: they will share the food

- depending on the size of reward and cost of fighting, either the dove or hawk will be at advantage, this allows both to be in equilibrium with eachother

Front 43

There are four alternatives for competitors when dealing with strategic interactions

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altruism: donor provides benefit to recipient at a cost to him or herself

cooperation: both donor/recipient benefit by cooperating

Spite: both donor and recipient are negatively impacted

Selfishness: donor benefits while recipient is negatively impacted

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inclusive fitness

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measure of a organism's success in the population

-based on number of offspring and ability of offspring to support others

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social perception (aka social cognition)

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how we form impressions about the characteristics of individuals and groups of people

-provides the tools to make judgements and impressions regarding other people

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three primary components to social perception

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perceiver, target, and the situation

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perceiver in social perception?

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influenced by experience, motives, and emotional state

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target in social perception?

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refers to the person about which the perception is made

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situation in social perception

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given social context that can provide information to the perceiver

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primacy effect of impressions

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the idea that first impressions are more important than subsequent impressions

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recency effect of impressions

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opposite of primacy effect, the idea that more recent information is more important in forming our impressions about them

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reliance on central traits

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people tend to organize the perception of others based on traits and personal characteristics of the target that are most relevant to the perceiver

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implicit personality theory

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states that there are sets of assumptions people make about how different types of people, their traits, and behaviors are related

-attempts to explain the categories in which we place others while forming impressions

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stereotyping

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making assumptions about people based on which category they are in

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halo effect

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a cognitive bias in which judgements about a specific aspect of an individual can be affected by one's overall impression of the individual (general impression "I like Judy" can influence more specific evaluations of her "Judy is a good mom, trustworthy etc)

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Just-World Hypothesis

Back 56

a just world where good things happen to good people and bad things to bad people. Noble actions are rewarded and evil actions are punished. Consequences can be attributed to karma.

-strong belief in this just world increases the likelihood of blaming the victim since this world view denies the possibility of innocent victims.

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self serving bias/ self serving attributional bias

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when we succeed, we tend to attribute this to internal factors but when we fail we tend to attribute it to external factors.

-used to protect our self esteem

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self enhancement

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focuses on need to maintain self worth

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attribution theory

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focuses on the tendency for people to infer the causes of other people's behaviors

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Fritz Heider

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founding father of attribution theory.

-divided the caused for attribution into two main categories:dispositional (internal) and situational (external)

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dispositional (internal) attributions

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those that relate to the person whose behavior is being considered, including his belief's, attitudes, or personality.

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situational (external) attributions

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those related to features of surroundings, such as threats, money, social norms, or peer pressure

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Cues

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are used in order to understand the behavior of others

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consistency cues

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consistent behavior over time, the more regular the behavior, the more we associate that behavior with the motives of the person.

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Consensus cues

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relate to the extent to which a person's behavior differs from others

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distinctiveness cues

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uses similar behaviors in similar situations, if a person's behaviors varies in different scenarios, we are more likely to form a situational attribution to explain it

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correspondent interference theory

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focuses on the intentionality of others' behavior

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fundamental attribution error

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says that we are generally biased toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions- especially in negative contexts.

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difference between stereotype, prejudice, and discrimination?

Back 69

stereotype is cognitive, prejudice is affective and discrimination is behavioral

Front 70

stereotype content model

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attempts to classify stereotypes with respect to a hypothetical in group using two dimensions: warmth and competence

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What are the four classifications of stereotypes in the stereotype content model?

Back 71

paternalistic, contemptuous, envious, admiration

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self fulfilling prophecies

Back 72

when stereotypes lead to expectations, which then lead to confirmation of those expectations

Front 73

stereotype threat

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the concept of people being concerned or anxious about confirming a negative stereotype about one's social group

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prejudice

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defined as an irrational positive or negative attitude toward a group, person, thing, prior to an experience with that entity.

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propaganda

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is a way by which organizations and political groups attempt to create prejudices in others

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difference between power, prestige, and class?

Back 76

power: refers to the ability of people or groups to achieve their goals despite obstacles, control recources

Prestige: level of respect shown to a person by others

Class: socioeconomic status

Front 77

ethnocentrism

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the practice of making judgements about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of one's own cultures

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cultural relativism

Back 78

is the perception of another culture as different from one's own, but with recognition that the cultural values of a culture fit into the culture itself.

-when a group sees their own rules not as superior, just different

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discrimination

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occurs when prejudicial attitudes cause individuals of a particular group to be treated differently from others