Chapter 10: Principles Of Pharmacology

Front 1

absolute refractory period

Back 1

early phase of cardiac repolzrization in which the heart muscle annoy be stimulated to depolarize

Front 2

absorption

Back 2

process by which the molecules of a substance are moved from the site of entry to admin to systemic circulation

Front 3

acetycholinesterase

Back 3

enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine

Front 4

active metabolite

Back 4

medication that has undergone biotransformation and is able to alter a cellular process or body function

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Active Transport

Back 5

process of molecules binding with carrier proteins when energy is used to move the molecules against a concentration gradient

Front 6

affinity

Back 6

ability of a medication to bind with a particular receptor site

Front 7

agonist medications

Back 7

group of meds that initiates or alters a cellular activity by attaching to receptor sites
- promotes cellular response

Front 8

anaphylaxis

Back 8

an extreme systemic form of an allergic reaction involving two or more body systems

Front 9

antagonist medications

Back 9

group of medication that prevent endogenous or exogenous agonist chemical from reaching cell receptor sites an initiating or altering a particular cellular activity

Front 10

antibiotics

Back 10

meds used to fight infection by killing the microorganisms or preventing their multiplication to allow the body's immune system to overcome them

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antifungals

Back 11

meds used to treat fungal infections

Front 12

antimicrobials

Back 12

medications used to kill or suppress the growth of microorganisms

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automaticity

Back 13

state in which cardiac cellos are at rest, waiting for the generation of a spontaneous impulse from within

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bioavailability

Back 14

percentage of the unchanged medication that reaches systemic circulation

Front 15

biotranformation

Back 15

process with 4 possible effects of a medication absorbed into the body
1. inactive substance becomes active, capable of producing desired or unwanted clinical effects
2. active med can be changed into another active med
3. active med becomes partially or completely inactive
4. meds is transformed into a substance that is eaters to eliminate from body

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chelating agents

Back 16

meds that bind with heavy metals in the body and create a compound that can be eliminated
- ingestion or poisonings

Front 17

cholinergic

Back 17

term to describe the fibers in the parasympathetic NS that real seas a chemical acetylcholine

Front 18

competitive antagonist

Back 18

meds that temporarily bind with cellular receptors sites, displacing agonist chemicals

Front 19

competitive depolarizing

Back 19

term used to describe paralytic agent that act at the neuromuscular junction by binding with nicotinic receptors on muscles, causing fasiciulations and preventing additional activation by ACh.

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cross-tolerance

Back 20

process in which repeated exposure to ames within a particular class causes a tolerance that may be "transferred" to other meds in the same class

Front 21

cumulative action

Back 21

several smaller doses of a particular med capable of producing the same clinical effects as a single larger does of that same med

Front 22

cytochrome P-450 system

Back 22

hemoprotein involved in the detoxification of many drugs

Front 23

dependence

Back 23

physical, behavioral, or emotional need for a med or chemical in order to maintain "normal" physiologic function

Front 24

depolarizaiton

Back 24

process of discharging resting cardiac muscle fibers by an electric impulse that causes them to contract

Front 25

depressant

Back 25

chemical or med that decreases the performance of the CNS or sympathetic NS

Front 26

distribution

Back 26

movement and transport of a med throughout the bloodstream to tissues and cells, and ultimate mate its target receptor

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diuretic

Back 27

chemical that increase urinary output

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dose-response curve

Back 28

graphic illustration of the response of a drug according to the dose admin

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dosing

Back 29

specific amount of a med to be given at a specific interval

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down-regualtion

Back 30

process in which a mechanism reducing available cell receptors for a particular med results in tolerance

Front 31

duration of effect

Back 31

time a medication concentration can be expected to remain about the min level needed to provide the intended action

Front 32

dystonic

Back 32

pertaining to voluntary muscle movements that are distorted or impaired because of abnormal muscle tone

Front 33

ectopic foci

Back 33

sites of generation of electrical impulses other than normal pacemaker cells

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efficacy

Back 34

pharmacologic context: ability of a med to produce the desired effect

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elimination

Back 35

pharmacologic context: removal of a med or its by-products from the body

Front 36

endogenous

Back 36

originating from within the organism

Front 37

exogenous

Back 37

originating outside the organism

Front 38

extravasation

Back 38

seepage of blood and med into the tissue surrounding blood vessel

Front 39

facilitated diffusion

Back 39

process of med molecules binding with carrier proteins when no energy is expended

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fasciculation

Back 40

brief, uncoordinated, visible twitching of small muscle groups; may be caused by the admin of depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent
- succs

Front 41

filtration

Back 41

use of hydrostatic pressure to force water or dissolved particles through a semipermeable membrane

Front 42

first-order elimination

Back 42

process in which the rate of elimination is directly influenced by plasma levels of a substance

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habituation

Back 43

unusual tolerance to the therapeutic and adverse clinical effects of a me or chemical

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half-life

Back 44

time needed in an average person for metabolism or elimination of 50% of a substance in the plasma

Front 45

hematrocrit

Back 45

percentage of RBC's in a blood sample

Front 46

hemolysis

Back 46

destruction of RBC's by disruption of the cell membrane

Front 47

hydrophilic

Back 47

attracted to water molecules

Front 48

idiosyncratic

Back 48

pharmacologic context: abnormal susceptibility of a med, possibly due to genetic traits or dysfunction of a metabolic enzyme, that is peculiar to an individual PT

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inactive metabolite

Back 49

med that has undergone biotransformation and now is no longer able to alter a cell process or body function

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ions

Back 50

charged particles

Front 51

interference

Back 51

one med or chemical taken by a PT that undermine the effectiveness of another med taken by or admin to a PT

Front 52

lipophilic

Back 52

attracted to fats or lipids

Front 53

median effective does (ED50)

Back 53

weight-based does of a med that was effective in 50% of the humans and animals tested

Front 54

median lethal does (LD50)

Back 54

weight-based does of a med that caused death in 50% of the animals tested

Front 55

median toxic does (TD50)

Back 55

weight-based dose of a med that demonstrated toxicity in 50% of the animals tested

Front 56

medication monograph

Back 56

document that give detailed information about drugs, such as the indication and uses, dosing information, precautions, contraindications, and adverse effects

Front 57

medication sensitivity

Back 57

mile to severe reaction after the first exposure to a med or other substance, often with may of the same signs and symptoms as an immune-mediated reaction

Front 58

noncompetitive antagonist

Back 58

meds that permanently bind with receptor sites and prevent activation by agonist chemicals

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nondepolarizing

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term used to describe drugs that produce muscle realization by interfering with impulses between the nerve ending and muscle receptor.

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nonionic

Back 60

uncharged

Front 61

onset

Back 61

time needed for the concentration of the med at the target tissue to reach the min effective level

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osmosis

Back 62

movement of a solvent from an area of low solute concentration to one of high concentration through a selectively permeable membrane to equalize concentrations of a solute on both sides of the membrane

Front 63

osmotic

Back 63

characterized by the movement of a solvent across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower to higher concentration of solute molecules

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paradoxical

Back 64

opposite from expected

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partial agonist

Back 65

chemical that binds to the receptor site but does not initiate as much cellular activity or change as other agonists do; lowers the efficacy of other agonist chemicals presents at the cell

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peak

Back 66

pharmacology context: point of max effect of a drug

Front 67

pharmacodynamics

Back 67

biochemical and physiologic effects and MoA in the body

Front 68

pharmacokinetics

Back 68

fate of meds in the body, such as distribution and elimination

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pharmacology

Back 69

scientific study of how various substances interact with or alter the function of living organisms

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pinocytosis

Back 70

process by which cells ingest the extracellular fluid and its contents

Front 71

placebo effect

Back 71

pharmacologic context: positive and negative effects of an inactive med on a person that are related to the person's expect ions and other factors

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plasma protein binding

Back 72

process in which med molecules temporarily attach to proteins in the blood plasma, significantly altering med distribution in the body

Front 73

potency

Back 73

relationship between the desired response of a med and the does required to achieve the response

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receptor

Back 74

specialized area in tissues that initiates certain actions after specific stimulations

Front 75

relative refractory period

Back 75

period in the cell-firing cycle at which it is possible but difficult to restimulate the cell to fire another impulse

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Stevens-Johnson syndrome

Back 76

severe, possibly fatal reaction that mimics a burn, may be due to medication

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stimulant

Back 77

med or chemical that temporarily enhances CNS and sympathetic NS functioning

Front 78

sympathomimetics

Back 78

meds admin to stimulate the sympathetic NS

Front 79

tachyphylaxis

Back 79

condition in which repeated doses of med within a short period rapidly cause tolerance, making the med virtually ineffective

Front 80

therapeutic index

Back 80

relationship between the median effective does and the median legal dose or median toxic dose; also known as the therapeutic ratio

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threshold level

Back 81

pharmacologic context: concentration of medication at which initiation or alternation of cellular activity begins

Front 82

tolerance

Back 82

condition that develops following related use by a PT of med that results in decreed efficacy or potency

Front 83

untoward effect

Back 83

clinical change caused by a med that causes harm or discomfort to a PT; adverse effect

Front 84

Vaughan-Williams

Back 84

classification scheme based on the MoA rather than a specific medication group

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volume of distribution

Back 85

extent to which a med spread within the body

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water-soluble

Back 86

property that indicates a material can be dissolved in water

Front 87

zero-order elimination

Back 87

process in which a fixed amount of a substance is removed during a certain period, regardless of the total amount in the body