Chapter 10 Human Development Across The Life Span

Front 1

Development

Back 1

It is the sequence of sage-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death

Front 2

What are 2 themes that permeate the study of human development?

Back 2

Transition and continuity.
- Psychs study how people evolve through transitions over time. They find continuity with the past

Front 3

What are the 4 periods of the life span?

Back 3

1. prenatal
2. childhood
3. adolescence
4. adulthood

Front 4

Zygote

Back 4

A one-celled organism formed by the union of a sperm and an egg.

Front 5

Prenatal period

Back 5

Extends from conception to birth, usually encompassing nine months of pregnancy.
- development is rapid

Front 6

How many phases is the prenatal period divided? What are they?

Back 6

Three stages.
1. Germinal (first 2 weeks)
2. Embryonic (2 weeks to 2 months)
3. Fetal (2 months to birth)

Front 7

Germinal stage

Back 7

1st phase of prenatal development, encompassing the first 2 weeks after conception

Front 8

Placenta

Back 8

A structure that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass into the fetus from the mother's bloodstream and bodily wastes to pass out to the mother.

Front 9

Embryonic stage

Back 9

2nd stage of prenatal development, lasting from 2 weeks until the end of the 2nd month.
- Most vital organs and bodily systems begin to form
- Period of great vulnerability and most miscarriages
- Most major structural birth defects also result from problems occurred during this stage

Front 10

Fetal stage

Back 10

3rd stage of prenatal development, lasting from 2 months through birth.
- Muscles and bones form
- "Fetus"
- Ready for environment after layer of fat deposited under skin to provide insulation
23-26 weeks (threshold of viability)

Front 11

How does nutrition affect development?

Back 11

Prenatal nutrition is vital and severe maternal malnutrition increases risk of birth complications and neurological deficits for newborn

Front 12

How does stress and emotion affect development?

Back 12

Maternal emotions have impact on prenatal development.
- Mother's emotional reactions to stressful events disrupt normal balance

Front 13

How does drug use affect development?

Back 13

They can slip through membranes of placenta.
- Avoid alcohol
- Smoking increases a mother's rick for miscarriage, stillbirth, and prematurity, and newborn's rick for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

Front 14

How does alcohol consumption affect development?

Back 14

Can cause fetal alcohol syndrome

Front 15

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Back 15

Collection of congenital (inborn) problems associated with excessive alcohol use during pregnancy

Front 16

What are some factors that increase the risk for SIDS?

Back 16

- Smoking
- Cocaine, heroine, teenage mothers
- Loose covers
- Warm room
- African American (2x)
- Native American (3x)

Front 17

What are some factors that decrease the risk for SIDS?

Back 17

- The opposite of above and breastfeeding pacifiers

Front 18

How does maternal illness affect development?

Back 18

It mostly depends on when mother contracted illness
- HIV can be transmitted

Front 19

How does environmental toxins affect development?

Back 19

Air pollution can cause impairments in cognitive development at age 5

Front 20

How does fetal origins of adult disease affect development?

Back 20

Events during prenatal development can "program" fetal brain in ways that influence person's vulnerability to increase decades later.
- Risk of depression and mood disorders

Front 21

Motor development

Back 21

Refers to the progression of muscular coordination required for physical activities
- Grasping
- Reaching for objects
- Crawling, walking, running

Front 22

Maturation

Back 22

Development that reflects the gradual unfolding of one's genetic blueprint
- Product of genetically programmed physical changes that come with age

Front 23

Developmental norms

Back 23

Indicate the typical (median) age at which individuals display various behaviors and abilities
- Group averages

Front 24

Are all cultures the same between experience and maturation in motor development?

Back 24

No, some cultures have rapid motor development and others have slow due to the discouragement of motor exploration

Front 25

Attachment

Back 25

Refers to the close emotional bonds of affection that develop between infants and their caregivers
- Mother is most important (not instantaneous)
- 2-3 months: can be handed to strangers with little difficulty
- 6-8 months: show preference for mother's company and protest when separated

Front 26

Separation anxiety

Back 26

Emotional distress seen in many infants when they are separated from people with whom they have formed an attachment
- Peaks at 14-18 months and begins to decline

Front 27

How many categories of attachments are there? What are they?

Back 27

Three.
1. Secure
2. Anxious- Ambivalent
3. Avoidant

Front 28

Secure Attachment

Back 28

Play and explore comfortably with their mother present, become visibly upset when she leaves, and are quickly calmed by her return

Front 29

Anxious- ambivalent / Resistant Attachment

Back 29

They appear anxious with their mothers near and protest excessively when she leaves, but are not particularly comforted when she returns

Front 30

Avoidant Attachment

Back 30

Seek little contact with their mothers and often are not distressed when she leaves

Front 31

What is the pace that children go at until they can produce words?

Back 31

- 7-5 months: recognize common word forms
- 8 months: first signs of understanding meanings of familiar words
- 10-13 months: utter sounds that correspond to words

Front 32

Fast mapping

Back 32

The process by which children map a word onto an underlying concept after only one exposure
- Often add words like tank, board, and tape to their vocabularies after their 1st encounter with objects that illustrate these concepts

Front 33

Overextension

Back 33

Occurs when a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a wider set of objects or actions than it is meant to
EX: child will use "ball" to describe anything round

Front 34

Underextension

Back 34

Occurs when a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a narrower set of objects or actions than it is meant to
EX: child will use "doll" to refer to only a single, favorite doll

Front 35

Telegraphic speech

Back 35

Consists mainly of content words; articles, prepositions, and other less critical words are omitted
- "Give doll" not "Please give me the doll"

Front 36

Overregularizations

Back 36

Occurs when grammatical rules are incorrectly generalized to irregular cases where they do not apply

Front 37

How many stages did Erikson divide the life span into? How many are childhood stages?

Back 37

8 stages total but only 4 childhood stages.

Front 38

Describe Trust Versus Mistrust

Back 38

Infant depends completely on adults to take care of its basic needs for such necessities as food, a warm blanket, and changed diapers.
- 1st year of life

Front 39

Describe Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt

Back 39

Parents begin toilet training and other efforts to regulate the child.
- Begin to take some personal responsibility
- 2nd and 3rd years of life

Front 40

Describe Initiative Versus Guilt

Back 40

Children must learn to function socially within their families
- 3 to 6 years

Front 41

Describe Industry Versus Inferiority

Back 41

Children must learn to function socially beyond their family
- 6 years to puberty

Front 42

Cognitive development

Back 42

Refers to transitions in youngster's patterns of thinking, including reasoning, remembering, and problem solving
- Dominated by Jean Piaget

Front 43

How many stages are in Piaget's stage theory of development? What are they?

Back 43

4 stages.
1. Sensorimotor period (birth to 2)
2. Preoperational period (2 to 7)
3. Concrete Operational period (7 to 11)
4. Formal Operational period (11+)

Front 44

Describe the Sensorimotor Period.

Back 44

Infants develop ability to coordinate sensory input with motor actions
- Development of object permanence

Front 45

Object permanence

Back 45

Develops when a child recognizes that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible
- Show toy. Hide toy. Child will not attempt to search for it

Front 46

Describe the Preoperational period.

Back 46

Children gradually improve in their use of mental images
- 2 beakers with same amount of water. Pour water from one of them into taller beaker. Child says do not contain same amount of water.

Front 47

Conservation

Back 47

Piaget's term for the awareness of that physical quantities remain constant in spite of changes in their shape or appearance

Front 48

Centration

Back 48

Tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem, neglecting other important aspects
- Concentrate on height of water while ignoring width

Front 49

Irreversibility

Back 49

Inability to envision reversing an action
- Don't think about what would happen if water were poured back from tall beaker into original beaker
- Cannot "undo" something

Front 50

Egocentrism

Back 50

In thinking is characterized by a limited ability to share another person's viewpoint
- Ask girl whether her sister has a sister and she says "no"

Front 51

Animism

Back 51

Belief that all things are living
- "Why does the wind get so mad?"

Front 52

Describe the Concrete Operational period.

Back 52

Children can perform operations only on images of tangible objects and actual events.
- Master Reversibility (permits a child to mentally undo something) and Decentration (allows a child to focus on more than one feature of a problem simultaneously)
- Leads to decline in Egocentrism and gradual mastery of Conservation

Front 53

Describe Formal Operational period.

Back 53

Children begin to apply their operations to abstract concepts in addition to concrete objects

Front 54

How many levels of moral development did Kohlberg come up with? What are they?

Back 54

3 levels.
1. Preconventional
2. Conventional
3. Postconventional

Front 55

Describe Preconventional

Back 55

- Punishment Orientation: Right and wrong is determined by what is punished
- Naïve reward Orientation: Right and wrong is determined by what is rewarded

Front 56

Describe Conventional

Back 56

- Good boy/ good girl Orientation: Right and wrong is determined by close others' approval or disapproval
- Authority Orientation: Right and wrong is determined by society's rules, and laws, which should be obeyed rigidly

Front 57

Describe Postconventional

Back 57

- Social contract Orientation: Right and wrong is determined by society's rules, which are viewed as a fallible rather than absolute
- Individual principles and conscience Orientation: Right and wrong is determined by abstract ethical principles that emphasize equity and justice

Front 58

What are 3 different parenting styles?

Back 58

1. Authoritarian (rules, stern, rigid, demanding)
2. Permissive (few demands, neglectful, indulgent)
3. Authoritative (firm limits with love and affection)