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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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prosocial behavior
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a behavior performed with the goal of benefiting another person.
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altruistic behavior
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a prosocial behavior that does not benefit the helper in any way
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kinship selection
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preferential helping of genetic relatives, so that genes held in common survive.
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reciprocity altruism
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helping others increases the likelihood that they will help you
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evolutionary perspective of helping behavior
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indicates that helping behavior increases chances that our genes are passed on
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social exchange
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helping behaviors motivated by maximizing rewards and minimizing cost (not just genetics) people help when reward > cost no true altruism |
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egoism
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helping others because it helps us somehow
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Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis (Toi & Batson, 1982)
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perception: someone needs help adopt others perspective? (yes) ->(EMOTIONAL REPONSE)empathetic concern -> altruistic motive-> reduction of others distress(GOAL) -adopt others perspective? (no) -> (SOCIAL EXCHANGE) personal distress -> egoistic motive -> reduction of own distress |
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Note-Sharing Study (Toi & Batson, 1982)
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IV1: "be objective" vs "take the other person's perspective" "random tape chosen" Carol Marcy: describes a car accident that out her in a wheelchair, she fears failing classes. IV2: person in their class section or not Letter: to the viewer of Carol Marcy tape. |
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empathy
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understanding or vicariously experiencing another individuals perspective and feeling sympathy and compassion for that individual
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Is even empathetic help altruistic?
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1. Done to avoid anticipated guilt 2. Empathizing with Cathy feels bad, until you make her feel better 3. Empathic joy: connecting with others and helping them feels good. |
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Who helps?
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Altruistic personality? People who help vary widely in their personality High self-confidence increases helping when there is danger. Highly empathetic people more likely to help. Men help in more heroic ways. Women help more in ways that require nurturance and commitment |
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Situational Influences: When help?
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models of helping: parents who are more prosocial have more prosocial children ex. Freeway study mood: more likely to help when in a good mood. ex. cookie smell-> good mood |
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1964, 3:20am, Queens, NY, Kitty Genoveses
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Man chased and stabbed her, lights came on, the man continued. Man returns later and kills her. 38 people reported hearing the screams, nobody helped. Bystander effect |
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bystander efffect
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the presence of others inhibits helping behavior
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Seizure Study:(Darley & Latane, 1968)
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IV: Group discussion where participant is the only person, one of two, one of five people who can help Group discusses problems students have. One says he has epilepsy then... Helping (%) 1 person 85%; 2 people 65%; 5 people 31% Delay (sec) 1 person 52sec; 2 people 92sec; 5 people 166sec |
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diffusion of responsibility
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belief that others should or will take responsibility for helping
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arousal cost-reward model
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the proposition that people react to emergency situations by acting in the most cost-effective way to reduce the arousal of shock and alarm.
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negative state relief model
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the proposition that people help others in order to counteract their own feelings
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egoistic
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motivated by the desire to increase one's own welfare.
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altruistic
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motivated by the desire to improve another's welfare
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pluralistic ignorance
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the state in which people in a group mistakenly think that their own individual thoughts, feelings, or behaviors are different from those of the others in the group
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audience inhibition
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reluctance to help for fear of making a bad impression on observers
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social norm
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a general rule of conduct reflecting standards pf social approval and disapproval
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Bystander intervention steps
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1. Notice circumstance that requires help (Good Samaritan study) 2. Interpret that help is needed (pluralistic ignorance) 3. Assume responsibility (diffusion of responsibility) 4. Decide how to help (call 911) 5. Help (cost vs benefits)
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