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182 Cards in this Set

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Structures of Cardiovascular System


heart

pumps blood throughout the body

located behind the sternum and between the lungs

atrioventricular valves

heart valves that keep blood flowing in one direction

atri/o/ventricul/ar



atrium/ventricle/pertaining to

mitral valve
located between the left atrium and the left ventricle


semilunar valves

located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and between the left ventricle and the aorta

pulmonary and aortic valves
tricuspid valve
located between the right atrium and the right ventricle

pericardium

two-layer sac that facilitates movement of the heart

peri/cardi/um



surrounding/heart/no meaning

three layers of the heart


epicardium

covers the heart

epi/cardi/um



over/heart/no meaning

myocardium

muscular layer of the heart

my/o/cardi/um




muscle/heart/no meaning

endocardium

inner lining of the heart

endo/cardi/um



inner lining/heart/no meaning

blood vessels

tubelike structures that carry blood throughout the body

arteries

blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

arterioles

smallest arteries

aorta

largest artery in the body

It carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle of the heart

pulmonary artery


carries carbon dioxide and other wast products from the heart to the lungs

carries deoxygenated blood

pulmonary veins

carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

4 veins, 2 from each lung; drains into the left atrium

veins

carries blood back to the heart

venules

smallest veins

venae cavae

largest vein in the body

capillaries

tiny blood vessel that connects arterioles (smallest arteries) to venules (smallest veins)


Composition of Blood


blood

fluid circulated through the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins.

composed of plasma

plasma

clear, straw-colored, liquid portion of blood in which cells are suspended

approximately 90% water and comprises approximately 55% of the total blood volume

cells (formed elements)


erythrocytes

red blood cells

carries oxygen and develops in bone marrow

leukocytes

white blood cells

combats infection and respond to inflammation

platelets (thrombocytes)

formed elements in the blood responsible for adding in the clotting process


serum

clear, watery fluid portion of the blood that remains after a clot has formed

Structures of the Lymphatic System


lymph

transparent, colorless, tissue fluid that flows in a one-way direction to the heart

contains lymphocytes and monocytes

lymphatic vessels

transports lymph from body tissues to a large vein in the chest

lymph nodes

small, spherical bodies composed of lymphoid tissue

filter lymph to keep substances such as bacteria and the foreign agents from entering the blood

spleen

largest lymphatic organ

located in the left side of the abdominal cavity between the stomach and the diaphragm

thymus glands

plays an important role in the development of the body’s immune system, particularly from infancy to puberty

one of the primary lymphatic organs, located anterior to the ascending aorta and posterior to the sternum between the lungs

Combining Forms


angi/o


Ex: angi/o/stenosis

blood vessel


aort/o


Ex: aort/ic stenosis

aorta

arteri/o


Ex: arteri/o/sclerosis

artery

atri/o

atrium

cardi/o


Ex: cardi/o/megaly

heart

lymph/o


Ex: lymph/oma

lymph, lymph tissue

lymphaden/o


Ex: lymphaden/o/pathy

lymph node

myel/o


Ex: multiple myel/oma

bone marrow

phleb/o, ven/o

vein

plasm/o

plasma

splen/o


Ex: spleen/o/megaly

spleen

thym/o


Ex: thym/oma

thymus gland

valv/o, valvul/o

valve

ventricul/o

ventricle

ather/o


Ex: ather/o/sclerosis

yellowish, fatty plaque

ech/o

sound

electr/o

electricity, electricity activity

isch/o

deficiency, blockage

therm/o

heat

thromb/o


Ex: thromb/o/phleb/itis

clot

Prefixes


brady-


Ex: brady/cardi/i

slow

pan-



all, total

Suffixes


-ac

pertaining to

-apheresis

removal

-penia

abnormal reduction in number

-poiesis

formation

-sclerosis

hardening

Disease and Disorder-Cardio Sys




angioma







Ex. angi/oma

tumor composed of blood vessels




angi/oma




blood vessel/tumor

angiostenosis








narrowing of a blood vessel

angi/o/stenosis




blood vessel/narrowing

aortic stenosis



narrowing of the aortic valve

aort/ic stenosis




aorta/narrowing

arteriosclerosis

hardening of the arteries

arteri/o/sclerosis



artery/hardening

atherosclerosis

hardening of fatty plaque

ather/o/sclerosis



fatty plaque/hardening

bradycardia

condition of a slow heart

brady/cardi/a




slow/heart

cardiomegaly

enlargement of the heart

cardi/o/megaly



heart/enlargement

cardiomyopathy

disease of the heart muscle

cardi/o/my/o/pathy



heart/muscle/disease

endocarditis

inflammation of the inner lining of the heart

endo/card/itis




within/heart/inflammation



myocarditis

inflammation of the muscle of the heart

my/o/card/itis



muscle/heart/inflammation

pericarditis

inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart

peri/card/itis



surrounding/heart/inflammation

phlebitis

inflammation of a vein

phleb/itis



vein/inflammation

polyarteritis

inflammation of many (site in the) arteries

poly/arter/itis



many/artery/inflammation

tachycardia

condition of a rapid heart

tachy/cardi/a




rapid/heart

thrombophlebitis

inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot

thromb/o/phleb/itis



clot/o/vein/inflammation

valvulitis

inflammation of a valve of the heart

valvul/itis



valve/inflammation

BLOOD


erythrocytopenia

abnormal reduction of red blood cells

erythr/o/cyt/o/penia




red/cell/abnormal reduction

hematoma

tumor of blood

hemat/oma



blood/tumor





leukocytopenia

abnormal reduction of white blood cells (also called leukopenia)

leuk/o/cyt/openia




white/cell/abnormal reduction

multiple myeloma

tumor of the bone marrow

multiple myel/oma



bone marrow/tumor

pancytopenia

abnormal reduction of all blood cells

pan/cyt/o/penia




all/cell/abnormal reduction

thrombocytopenia

abnormal reduction of blood clotting cells

thromb/o/cyt/o/penia



clot/cell/abnormal reduction



thrombosis

abnormal condition of a blood clot

thromb/osis




clot/abnormal condition

thrombus

blood clot attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein

thromb/us

clot/no meaning

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM




lymphadenitis

inflammation of lymph nodes

lymphaden/itis



lymph nodes/inflammation

lymphadenopathy

disease of lymph nodes

lymphaden/o/pathy




lymph nodes/disease

lymphoma

tumor of lymphatic tissue

lymph/oma



lymph tissue/tumor

splenomegaly

enlargement of the spleen

splen/o/megaly



spleen/enlargement

thymoma

tumor of the thymus gland

thym/oma




thymus glands/tumor

acute coronary syndrome (ACS)

sudden symptoms of insufficient blood supply to the heart indicating unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction

aneurysm

ballooning of a weakened portion of the arterial wall

angina pectoris

chest pain occurring because of insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle

arrhythmia

any disturbance of abnormality in the heart’s normal rhythmic pattern

atrial fibrillation (AFib)

cardiac arrhythmia characterized by chaotic, rapid electrical impulses in the atria.

cardiac arrest

sudden cessation of cardiac output and effective circulation

requires cardiopulmonary resuscitation

cardiac tamponade

acute compression of the heart caused by fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity

coarctation of the aorta

congenital cardiac condition with narrowing of the aorta

congenital heart disease

heart abnormality present at birth

coronary artery disease (CAD)

condition that reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

condition of thrombus in a deep vein of the body

common cause of heart failure or myocardial infarction

heart failure (HF)

condition of which there is an inability of the heart to pump enough blood through the body

also called congestive heart failure [CHF]

hypertensive heart disease (HHD)

disorder of the heart caused by persistent high blood pressure

intermittent claudication

pain and discomfort in calf muscles while walking

ischemia

condition of deficient blood flow due to constriction or obstruction of a blood vessel

mitral valve stenosis

narrowing of the mitral valve from scarring

usually caused by episodes of rheumatic fever

myocardial infarction

death a portion go myocardium caused by lack of oxygen resulting from an interrupted blood supply

also called heart attack

peripheral arterial disease (PAD)

disease of the arteries the arms and legs resulting in narrowing or complete obstruction of the artery

also called peripheral vascular disease

rheumatic heart disease

damage to the heart muscle or heart valves caused by rheumatic fever

varicose veins

distended or tortuous veins

usually fun in lower extremities

BLOOD


anemia

condition in which there is a reduction in the number of erythrocytes




embolus (pl. emboli)

blood clot or foreign material

hemophilia

genetic defect in which blood clots too slowly

leukemia

cancer of white blood cells

sepsis

when pathogenic microorganisms enter the bloodstream , causing a systemic inflammatory response to the infection

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM


Hodgkin disease

a cancer of lymphatic tissue

characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes

infectious mononucleosis

acute infection caused by Epstein-Barr virus

characterized by swollen lymph nodes, sore throat, fatigue and fever

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM




angioplasty

surgical repair of blood vessel

angi/o/plasty



blood vessel/surgical repair

atherectomy

excision of fatty plaque

ather/ectomy



fatty plaque/excision

endarterectomy

excision within the artery

end/arter/ectomy



within/artery/excision

pericardiocentesis

surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from the sac surrounding the heart

peri/cardi/o/centesis



surrounding/heart/surgical puncture to aspirate fluid

phlebectomy

excision of a vein

phleb/ectomy



vein/excison

phlebotomy

incision into a vein

phleb/o/tomy



vein/incision

valvuloplasty

surgical repair of a valve

valvul/plasty



valve/surgical repair





LYMPHATIC SYSTEM




splenectomy

excision of the spleen

splen/ectomy



spleen/excision

splenopexy

surgical fixation of the spleen

splen/o/pexy



spleen/surgical fixation

thymectomy

excision of the thymus gland

thym/ectomy




thymus gland/excision

Cardiovascular System




aneurysmectomy

surgical excision of an aneurysm

aneurysm/ectomy




aneurysm/surgical excision

atrial fibrillation ablation

procedure using radio-frequency energy

cardiac peacemaker

apparatus implanted under the skin to regulate the heartbeat

coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

diverts blood flow past a blocked artery in the heart

coronary stent

supportive scaffold device placed in an artery

embolectomy

surgical removal of an embolus



femoropopliteral

surgical procedure to establish an alternate route from the

implantable cardiac defibrillator



monitors and corrects heart rhythms

intracoronary thrombolytic therapy

use of medication to dissolve blood clots in a blocked coronary vessel

percutaneous transluminal coronary

compressing plaque against a blood

bone marrow aspiration

procedure to aspirate a sample of the liquid portion of the bone marrow

bone marrow biopsy

procedure to obtain a sample of bone marrow

bone marrow transplant

infusion of healthy bone marrow cells to a recipient with matching donor

angiography

radiographic image of blood vessel

angi/o/graphy




blood vessel/radiographic image

angioscope

instrument used for visual examination of a blood vessel

angi/o/scope




blood vessel/instrument used for visual examination

angioscopy

visual examination of a blood vessel (the procedure is named for the vessel to be studied, e.g. femoral angiography or coronary angiography



angi/o/scopy




blood vessel/visual examination

aortogram

radiographic image of the aorta

aort/o/gram




aorta/radiographic image

arteriogram

radiographic image of the artery

arteri/o/gram




artery/radiographic image

venogram

radiographic image of a vein

ven/o/gram




vein/radiographic image

echocardiogram

record of the heart using sound

ech/o/cardi/gram




sound/heart/record

electrocardiogram

record of electrical activity of the heart

electr/o/cardi/gram




electrical activity/heart/record

electrocardiograph

instrument used to record electrical activity of the heart

electr/o/cardi/o/graph




electrical activity/heart/instrument used to record

electrocardiography

process of recording the electrical activity of the heart

electr/o/cardi/graphy




electrical activity/heart/process of recording

digital subtraction angiography

process of digital radiographic imaging of the blood vessels that “subtracts” or removes structures not being studied

Doppler ultrasound

study that uses high-frequency sound waves for detection of blood flow within the vessels

exercise stress test

study that evaluates cardiac function during physical stress by riding a bike or walking on a treadmill

single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

nuclear medicine scan that visualizes the heart from several different angles

thallium test

nuclear medical test used to diagnose coronary artery disease

transesophageal echocardiogram

test in which an ultrasound probe provide views of the heart structures from the esophagus

CARDIOVASCULAR STUDIES




cardiac cauterization

procedure in which a catheter is introduced into the heart to record pressure and enable the visualization of the heart chambers

impedance plethysmography

measures venous flow of the extremities and is used to detect deep vein thrombosis

blood pressure

pressure exerted by blood against the blood vessel walls

pulse

the rhythmic expansion of an artery created by contraction of the heart that can be felt with a fingertip

sphygmomanometer

device used to measure blood pressure

C-reactive protein (CRP)

blood test to measure the amount of c-reactive protein in the blood, which, when elevated, indicates inflammation in the body

creatine phosphokinase (CPK)

blood test used to measure an enzymes of the heart released into the bloodstream after muscle injury

homocysteine

an amino acid that if elevated, indicates an increased risk of cardiovascular disease

lipid profile

blood test measures the amount and type of lipids in the blood

troponin

blood test that measures a heart muscle enzyme

coagulation time

blood test to determine the time it takes for blood to form a clot

complete blood count (CBC)


and differential count (Diff)

laboratory test for basic blood screening that measures various aspects of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

hematocrit (HCT)

blood test to measure the volume of erythrocytes

used to diagnose and evaluation of anemic patients

hemoglobin (Hgb)

blood test used to determine the concentration of oxygen-carrying components (hemoglobin) in erythrocytes

prothrombin time (PT)

blood test used to determine certain coagulation activity defects and to monitor anticoagulation therapy

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM




atrioventricular (AV)

pertaining to the atrium and ventricle

atri/o/ventricul/ar




atrium/ventricle/pertaining to

cardiac

pertaining to the heart

cardi/ac




heart/pertaining to

cardiogenic

originating in the heart

cardi/o/genic




heart/originating

cardiologist

physician who studies and treats diseases of the heart

cardi/o/logist


heart/physician, specialist who studies and treats

cardiology

study of the heart

cardi/o/logy


heart/study of

hypothermia

condition of (body) temperature that is below normal

hypo/therm/ia




below/heat/condition of

intravenous (IV)

pertaining to within the vein

intra/ven/ous




within/vein/pertaining to

phlebologist

physician who studies and treats diseases of the vein

phleb/o/logist




vein/physician, specialist who studies and treats

phlebology

study of the veins

phleb/o/logy




vein/study of

BLOOD




hematologist

physician who studies and treat diseases of the blood

hemat/o/logist




blood/physician, specialist who studies and treats

hematopoiesis

formation of blood (cells)

hemat/o/poiesis




blood/formation

hemostasis

stoppage of bleeding

hem/o/stasis




blood/stop

myelopoiesis

formation of bone marrow


myel/o/poiesis




bone marrow/formation





plasmapheresis

removal of plasma (from withdrawn blood)

plasm/a/pheresis


plasma/removal

thrombolysis

dissolution of a clot

thromb/o/lysis




clot/dissolution