Chapter 10

Front 1

Culture Poverty

Back 1

The argument that poor people adopt certain practices that differ from those of middle-class, "mainstream" society in order to adapt and survive in difficult economic circumstances.

Front 2

Underclass

Back 2

the notion, building on the culture of poverty argument, that the poor not only are different from mainstream society in their inability to take advantage of what society has to offer, but also are increasingly deviant and even dangerous to the rest of us.

Front 3

Perverse incentives

Back 3

Reward structures that lead to suboptimal outcomes by stimulating counterproductive behavior; for example, welfare- to the extent that it discourages work efforts- is argued to have perverse incentives.

Front 4

Absolute poverty

Back 4

the point at which a household's income falls below the necessary level to purchase food to physically sustain its member.

Front 5

Relative poverty

Back 5

A measurement of poverty based on a percentage of the median income in a given location.

Front 6

Parenting stress hypothesis

Back 6

A paradigm in which low income, unstable employment, a lack of cultural resources, and a feeling of inferiority from social class comparisons exacerbate household stress levels; this stress, in turn, leads to detrimental parenting practices such as yelling and hitting, which are not conductive to healthy child development.

Front 7

Endogamy

Back 7

Marriage to someone within one's social group.

Front 8

Exogamy

Back 8

Marriage to someone outside one's social group.

Front 9

Monogamy

Back 9

The practice of having only one sexual partner or spouse at a time.

Front 10

Polygamy

Back 10

The practice of having more than one sexual partner or spouse at a time.

Front 11

Polyandry

Back 11

The practice of having multiple husbands simultaneously.

Front 12

Polygyny

Back 12

The practice of having multiple wives simultaneously.

Front 13

Nuclear family

Back 13

Familial form consisting of a father, a mother, and their children.

Front 14

Extended family

Back 14

Kin networks that extend outside or beyond the nuclear family.

Front 15

Cohabitation

Back 15

Living together in an intimate relationship without formal legal or religious sanctioning.

Front 16

Kinship networks

Back 16

Strings of relationships between people related by blood and co-residence (that is, marriage).

Front 17

Cult of domesticity

Back 17

The notion that true womanhood centers on domestic responsibility and child rearing.

Front 18

Second shift

Back 18

Women's responsibility for housework and child care- everything from cooking dinner to doing laundry, bathing children, reading bedtime stories, and sewing Halloween costumes.

Front 19

Miscegenation

Back 19

The technical term fro interracial marriage, literally meaning "a mixing of kinds"; because the term is politically and historically charged, sociologists generally prefer exogamy or outmarriage.