Chapter 1 Sociology Terms

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Sociology

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social science that studies human society and social behavior

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Social Sciences

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related disciplines that study various aspects of human social behavior

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Social Interaction

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How people relate to one another and influence each other's behavior

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Social Phenomena

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an observable fact or event that involves the human society

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Sociological Perspective

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a viewing of the behavior of groups in a systematic way

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Sociological Imagination

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ability to see the connection between the larger world and our personal lives

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Anthropology

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comparative study of various aspects of past and present cultures

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Psychology

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science that deals with the behavior and thinking of organisms

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Social Psychology

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study of how an individual's behavior and personality are affected by the social environment

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Economics

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study of the choices people make in an effort to satisfy their wants and needs

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Political Science

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study of the organization and operation of governments

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History

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study of past events

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Social Darwinism

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perspective that holds that societies evolve toward stability and perfection

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function

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positive consequence an element of society has for the maintenance of the social system

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Vehrstehen

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empathetic understanding of the meanings others attach to their actions.

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Ideal Type

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description of the essential characteristics of some aspect of society

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Theory

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systematic explanation of the relationship among phenomena

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Theoretical Perspectives

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general set of assumptions about the nature of phenomena. In the case of sociology, a theoretical perspective outlines certain assumptions about the nature of social life

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Functionalist Perspective

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theoretical perspective that views society as a set of interrelated parts that work together to produce a stable social system.

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Dysfunctional

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negative consequence an element has for the stability of the social system

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Manifest Function

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intended and recognized consequence of some element of society

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Latent Function

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unintended and unrecognized consequence of some element of society

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Conflict Perspective

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theoretical perspective that focuses on those forces in society that promote competition and change

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Interactionist Perspective

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theoretical perspective that focuses on how individuals interact with one another in society

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Symbol

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anything that stands for something else and has a shared meaning attached it

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Symbolic Interaction

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interaction between people that takes place through the use of symbols

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Three Theoretical Paradigms

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structural-functional, social conflict, and symbolic interaction

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Manifest functions

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recognized and intended consequences.

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Latent functions

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unrecognized and unintended consequences.

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_______ leads to suicide

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lower social integration leads to ____

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Auguste Comte

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Importance of social integration during times of rapid change, coined term "social integration"

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Herbert Spencer

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Compared society to the human body, social Darwinism, influenced by Charles Darwin

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Robert K. Merton

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manifest functions, latent functions, social dysfunctions

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Karl Marx

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The importance of social class in inequality and social conflict

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W.E.B. Du Bois

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Race as the major problem facing the United States in the 20th century, PhD from Harvard

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Jane Addams

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creator of Hull House in Chicago

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Emile Durkheim

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Helped established sociology as a discipline, studied suicide rates

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Max Weber

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Understanding a setting from the people in it

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George Herbert Mead

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How we build personalities from social experience (see from their perspective)

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Erving Goffman

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Dramaturgical analysis (actors on a stage)

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George Homans & Peter Blau

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Social-exchange analysis (what we gain and lose from each interaction)