Chapter 1 Review

Front 1

psychology

Back 1

the discipline concerned with behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism’s physical state, mental state, and external environment.
-three types of psychology= popular psychology, serious psychology, and common sense
-describe, predict, understand, modify.
Associate with mental and emotional disorders, personal problems, and psychotherapy.
To understand how human learn remember, solve problems, perceive, feel, and get along.

Front 2

critical thinking

Back 2

critical thinking an willingness to access claims and make objective judgments on the basis of well supported reasons and evidence rather than emotion or anecdote

Front 3

components of critical thinking

Back 3

1. Ask questions and be willing to learn
2. Define one’s term; frame it in clear and concrete terms
3. Examining (close look at presentation)
4. Analyze assumption and biases: assumptions= beliefs that are taken for granted, Biases= assumptions that keep us from considering the evidence fairly or that cause us to ignore the evidence entirely.
5. Avoid emotional reasoning
6. Don’t over simplify (look beyond the obvious)
7. Consider other interpretations (know topic but understand more reasoning for it)
8. Be willing to tolerate uncertainness (do not draw conclusions unless test done repeatedly).

Front 4

William Wundant

Back 4

father of psychology; establish first psych lab in Lysip, Germany/ published scholar science journal.

Front 5

five major psychology perspectives

Back 5

Biological perspective= how bodily events affect behavior, feelings, and thoughts; physical rreact with environment; evolutionary psychology= the tradition of functionalism by focusing on how genes function help adaptation.
Learning perspective
Cognitive perspective
Social cultural perspective
Psychodynamic perspective Humanist psychology

Front 6

psychologist

Back 6

teach and do research, provide health and mental service (psychological practice), conducting research and applying its finding in nonacademic settings such as bussiness sports gov etc.
-basic psychology= seeking knowledge for own sake (want to know about knowledge)
-applied psychology concerned with practical uses of knowledge (apply knowledge)
- psychological practitioners= understand and improve; counseling psychologist, school psychologist, clinical psychologist (licensed; scientist or practitioner)

Front 7

psychiatrist

Back 7

actual medical doctor, understands biological explanation for patients; done three years of residency , not always trained for new psychological theories.
Other mental health work= social workers (LCSW), marriage, family and child counselors (MFCC and has MA)

Front 8

hypothesis

Back 8

a statement that attempts to describe or explain a given behavior (educated guess).

Front 9

descriptive study: case study

Back 9

allow researchers to describe and predict behavior but not necessarily to choose one explanation over competing ones.
-case studies= a detailed description of a particular individual, based on observation or on formal psychological testing. ( may include child hood), use info as insight (example: abused girl goes to Harvard)

Front 10

observational: naturalistic and lab

Back 10

the researcher observes, measures, and records behavior while taking care to avoid intruding on the subject being observed.
-naturalistic=to find how subject acts in their normal social environment.
-in lab= researcher has more control; research done in lab for convenience of studier since limiting area

Front 11

test

Back 11

=(assessment instruments) procedures, for measuring and evaluating personality traits, emotional states, aptitudes, interests, abilities, and value. (standardized= structure and norm= answers due to commonality)
-objective test= (inventories) measure characteristics, feelings, beliefs, and behaviors with subject aware
-projective test= are designed to tap unconscious feelings or motives (resiach test or ink blob)

Front 12

survey

Back 12

questionnaires and interviews that gather information by asking people directly about their experiences, attitudes and opinions.
-problems: questions may be wrongly phrased and volunteer bias (those who feel strong about their opinion may only speak as of those who do not speak), bribing as well (I think ha)

Front 13

correlational studies: positive and negative

Back 13

to find the strength or measurement on effects of a relationship (the association’s effect basically)
Positive= high values of each in relation ship
Negative= high value of one correlates with low value of the other.

Front 14

correlation coefficient

Back 14

statistic used to express correlation; number that conveys both size and direction, goes from -1.0 to +1.0 (highest number is the account)

Front 15

characteristics of a good test:

Back 15

structure / answers due to commonality
reliability and validity

Front 16

variable

Back 16

something that may or may not vary
independent and dependent

Front 17

purpose of performing experiments

Back 17

= to test the hypothesis; hunting for a cause to collect information and become educate in; all studies have experiments; there are ethical guidelines to each one

Front 18

experimental effects

Back 18

unintended changes in changes in the subjects behavior due to cues inadvertently given by the experiment.

Front 19

Single blind study

Back 19

participants are unaware that they are in the experiment or the control group due to chance of experimental effect

Front 20

double blind study

Back 20

the person running the experiment, having actual contact with the with participants, also does not know who is in which group until data is gathered; have more chance of not working since provides give aways.

Front 21

placebo

Back 21

fake treatment

Front 22

placebo effect

Back 22

control group would take substance lacking in experimental substances.