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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Which of the following accurately defines cellular adaptation: A.Development of a new, altered steady state B.Maintaining a steady state Internally C. programmed cell death D.ATP depletion E.Accumulation of oxygen derived free radicals |
A.Development of a new, altered steady state |
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Which of the following in not considered an adaptive response: A. Atrophy B. Hyperplasia C. Dysplasia D. Hypertrophy E. Metaplasia |
C. dysplasia |
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The enlarged uterus of a pregnant woman is an example of which adaptive behavior? A.Dysplasia B.Metaplasia C.Hyperplasia D.Hypertrophy E.Atrophy |
D. hypertrophy |
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True or false : Mechanisms of hypertrophy in the heart involve signal transduction pathways, induction of particular genes and increased synthesis of certain cellular proteins. - True - False |
True |
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A 4 year girl has a broken arm. After her cast is removed 6 weeks later, her healing arm is markedly smaller than her normal arm. The mechanism of atrophy in this case is: A.Senile atrophy B.Pressure atrophy C.Loss of endocrine stimulation D.Denervation atrophy E.Disuse atrophy |
E.Disuse atrophy |
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All of the following are features of apoptosis EXCEPT: A.Cell shrinkage B.Disorientation of cell membrane lipids C.Karyolysis D.No associated inflammation E.Intact cellular components |
C. Karyolysis |
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Stimuli causing cellular injury do so by which of the following mechanisms: A. ATP depletion B.Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential C.Oxidative stress D.Loss of membrane permeability E.All of the above |
E. All of the above |
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Steatosis refers to the accumulation of which of the following in cells? A.Thin filaments B.Triglycerides C.Keratin filaments D.Glycogen Lipofuscin |
B. Triglycerides |
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10. A 76 year-old woman with breast cancer , has abnormal calcium deposits diffusely within her lung depicted on chest x-ray. This is an example of what type of pathologic calcification? Dystrophic OR Metastatic? |
Metastatic |
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In relation to atrophy, which of the following statements is FALSE? 1. Decreased autophagic vacuoles 2. Decreased myofilaments 3. Decreased smooth endoplasmic reticulum 4. Persistance of residual bodies |
1. Decreased autophagic vacuoles here is an INCREASE of AUTOPHAGIC vacuoles in atrophyAtrophy is characterized by SHRIKAGE and LOSS of structural ELEMENTS of cell (like myofilaments, ER). There is an INCREASE in autophagic VACUOLES, into which LYSOSOMES DISCHARGE their hydrolytic contents. Some cell debris resists digestion, and they persist as membrane bound residual bodies in cytoplasm (e.g., Lipofuscin granules). |
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Which of the following is an example of hypertrophy? 1. The breast at puberty 2. Tissue with a high capillary to myocyte ratio 3. The liver post hepatectomy 4. The pregnant uterus |
4. The pregnant uterus |
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In relation to hypertrophy, which of the following statements is CORRECT? 1. It is triggered by specific hormonal stimulation 2. It increases the function of an organ exponentially 3. It is usually pathological 4. It occurs after partial hepatectomy |
1. It is triggered by specific hormonal stimulation HYPERTROPHY describes increase in the size of the organ due to increase in cell size, not number. The hypertrophied organ has NO NEW CELLS, but larger cells. The increased SIZE of the cells is due to the synthesis of MORE structural COMPONENTS. HYPERTROPHY can be PHYSIOLOGICAL and PATHOLOGICAL and can occur together with hyperplasia (e.g., pregnant uterus). Breast undergoes HYPERTROPHY during lactation, but in PUBERTY and PREGNANCY the breast undergoes HYPERPLASIA. Other triggers of hypertrophy include mechanical and trophic triggers. Ultimately, the hypertrophied ORGAN reaches the LIMIT when it is NO longer ABLE to COMPENSATE for increased demand, and failure ensues.After partial HEPATECTOMY the liver undergoes compensatory HYPERPLASIA. |
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All the following are features of apoptosis, with the EXCEPTION of? 1. Chromatin condensation 2. Formation of cytoplasmic blebs 3. Cell swelling 4. Phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies |
4. Cell swellingCell SHRINKAGE occurs during APOPTOSIS - a form of cell death whereby no harmful substances are released into the surrounding tissue. It is the body's natural process for removing old, diseased or unnecessary cells.Apoptotic cells usually exhibit a distinctive constellation of biochemical alterations that underline structural changes. |
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Which of the following statements is CORRECT in relation to dystrophic calcification? 1. It rarely causes dysfunction 2. It does not occur on heart valves 3. It is formed by crystalline calcium phosphate 4. It is specific to coagulative necrosis |
3. It is formed by crystalline calcium phosphate. Dystrophic calcification occurs in NON-VIABLE or DYING tissues. It occurs despite NORMAL serum CALCIUM LEVELS of, and in the ABSENCE of DERANGEMENTS in calcium METABOLISM. Although dystrophic calcification may be a simple sign of a previous cell injury, it is often a cause of organ dysfunction. Myeloma causes destruction of bone and increase calcium level and is thus associated with metastatic calcification. DYSTROPHIC calcification occurs in ALL types of necrosis including coagulative, caseous and liquifactive. |
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Reversible cell injury is characterised by all of the following, EXCEPT? 1. Detachment of ribosomes 2. Nuclear chromatin clumping 3. Cellular swelling 4. Lysosomal rupture |
4. Lysosomal rupture
features of irreversible cell injury include: - LYSOSOMAL rupture- DISRUPTION of the cellular MEMBRANES and DEPLETION of ATP. |
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With regard to metaplasia, which of the following statements is CORRECT? 1. It is typically an irreversible process 2. It preserves mucus secretion in the respiratory tract 3. It is the process that occurs in Barrett's oesophagitis 4. It can be caused by vitamin B12 deficiency |
3. It is the process that occurs in Barrett's oesophagitis |
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Metastatic calcification may occurs in which of the following situations? 1. Atherosclerotic vessels 2. Gastric mucosa 3. Damaged heart valves 4.Tuberculous lymph nodes |
2. Gastric mucosa METASTATIC calcification may occur widely throughout the body but mainly affects the interstitial tissues of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, KIDNEYS, LUNGS, SYSTEMIC arteries and PULMONARY VEINS. These tissues excrete acid and therefore have an internal alkaline medium that predisposes them to metastatic calcification. |
