Chapter 1 Life Span Psychology

Front 1

The scientific study of human development can be defined as the science that seeks to understand

Back 1

how and why people change, and how they do not change, from conception till death

Front 2

Central to the study of development is the _______-________,___________,which reconizes the sources of continuity, and discontinuity friom the beginning of life to the end

Back 2

life-span perspective

Front 3

The five developmental characteristics embodied within the life span perspective are that development is

Back 3

multidirectional
multicontexual
multicultural
multidisiciplinary
plastic

Front 4

Three inportant insights of this perspective are the concepts of _____ ____, which refers to that continual change that occurs within each person and each social group, the ____ _____, in which even a tiny change in one system can have a profound effect on the other systems of development; and the power of ____, in which even large changes seemingly have no effect.

Back 4

dynamic sysstems; buttefly effect;continuity

Front 5

A group of people born within a few years of each other is called a ______. These people tend to be affected by history in _____(the same way/differnet ways.)

Back 5

cohort
the samy way

Front 6

A widely shared idea that is built more on shared perceptions thatn an objective reality is a ______ _____. An inportant point about such ideas is that they ______.(often change/are very stable) over time

Back 6

social construction
often change

Front 7

A contextual influence that is determined by a persons income, education, place of residence, and occupation is called a _____, which is often abbriviated ______. Although poverty is a useful signal for severe problems throughtout life, other variables, such as presence of _______ within a family, paly a crucial role in determining individual development. Another variable is _____ _____, which refers to the degree to which neighbors create a functioing, informal network of people who shoew concern for each other.

Back 7

socieconomic status
SES
supportative relationships
collective efficacy

Front 8

The values, assumptions and customs as well as the physical objects that a group of people have adopted as a design for living constitute a _______.

Back 8

culture

Front 9

The impact of cultural variations in ___ ____ can be seen in the fact that children who_____(sleep alone/sleep with parents) are taught to be independent of their families; while those who _____(sleep alone/sleep with parents) are taught to depend on them for warmth and protection. A _____ is a kind of farming commune developed in _____, whose members share _____________

Back 9

sleeping places,
sleep alone
sleep with parents
kibbutz
Israel
work
meals
income
and child care

Front 10

A collection of people who share certain attributes, such as ancestry,natural origin, religion, and language and, as a result, tend to have similar beliefs, values, and cultural experiences is called ___ _____. Biological traits used to differentiate people who ancestors come from different regions is the definition of ____.

Back 10

ethnic group
race

Front 11

The study of human development can be divided into three domains:____,____, and ______.

Back 11

biosocial
cognitive
psychosocial

Front 12

One of the most encouraging aspects of the lifespan perspective is that devolpment is characterized by ____, or the capability of change.

Back 12

plasticity

Front 13

(In person) Because his mother contracted the disease _______ during her pregnancy, David was born with a heart defect and cataracts over both eyes. Thus his immediate problems centered on on ____ problems. However, because he was born at aparticular time, he was already influenced by the larger _____ context. Particulary in the chuch community, the ____-_____ context benifited him. Davids continuing development of his skills is a testimony for ____.

Back 13

rubella
physical
historical
cultural-ethnic
plasticity

Front 14

In order the basic steps of scientific method are

Back 14

formulate a research question
develop a hypothesis
test the hypothesis
draw conclusions
make the findings available

Front 15

A specific, testable prediction that forms the basis of research project is called a ______

Back 15

hypothesis

Front 16

To repeat an experimental test procedure and obtain the same results is to ______ the test of the hypothesis.

Back 16

replicate

Front 17

In designing research studies, scientists are concerned with four issues:_____, or whether a study measures what its purports to measure; ____, or whether its measurements are correct; _____, or whether the study applies to other populations and situations; and _____, or whether it solves real life problems.

Back 17

validicy
accuracy
generalizability
usefulness

Front 18

When researchers observe and record, in a systematic and ubbiased manner, what research subjects do, they are using ___________.

Back 18

scientific method

Front 19

People may be observed in a ____ setting or in a ______

Back 19

naturalistic
lab

Front 20

A chief limitation of observation is that it does not indicate the ____ of the behavior being observed.

Back 20

cause

Front 21

A number that indicates the dgree of relationship between two variables is a ____. To say that two variables are related in this way ______(does/soes not)necessarily inply that one caused the other.

Back 21

correlation
does not

Front 22

The method that allows a scientest to determine cause and effect is the ____. In this method, the researcher manipulates a(n)__________variable to determine its affect on a(n) variable.

Back 22

experiment
independent
dependent

Front 23

In an experiment, t he subjects who recieve a particular treatment constitutes the _____; the subjects who do not recieve the treatment constitutes the ____ ______.

Back 23

experimental group
comparison group

Front 24

To determine whether a difference between two groups occurred purely by coincidence, or chance, reseachers apply a mathematical test of statistical ______.

Back 24

significance

Front 25

Experiments are sometimes critizised for studing behavior in a situation that is _______.

Back 25

artifical

Front 26

Another limitation is that participants in this research technique(except very young children) who know they are research subjects may attempt to _________. The most accurate and ethical way to conduct developmental research on children is the ____ ______.

Back 26

produce the results they believe the experimentor is looking for
natural experiment

Front 27

Ina(n) _____, scietest collect information from a large group of people by personal interview, written questionaire, or some other means.

Back 27

survey

Front 28

Potential problems with this research method are that the questions may be_____ and respondants may give answers they think the reseacher _____.

Back 28

biased
excepts(wants)

Front 29

An intensive study of one individual is called _____. An advantage of this method is that it provides a rich ____ description of development , rather than relying on only on ____ data. Another inportant use it that it provides a good____ for other research.

Back 29

case study
qualitative
quantitative
starting point

Front 30

Research that involves the comparison of people of differnt ages is called a ____ research design

Back 30

cross-sectional

Front 31

With cross-sectional research it is very difficult to ensure that the various groups differ only in their ____. In adition, every cross-sectional study will, to some degree refelct___ ____.

Back 31

ages
cohort differences

Front 32

Research that follows the same people over a relatively long period of time is called a _____ research design. Stae three deawbacks of this type of research design

Back 32

longitudinal
Over time, some subjects may leave the study. Some people may change simple because they are part of the study. Longitudninal studies are time comsuming and expensive.

Front 33

The research method that combines the longitudinal and cross-sectioned methods is the ___ ___ research method

Back 33

cross-sequential

Front 34

The approach that emphasizes the influence of the systems that support the develping person is called the ___-____ approach. This approach was emphasized by _______.

Back 34

ecological systems
Urie Bronfenbrenner

Front 35

According to this model the family, the peer group, and other aspects of the immediate social setting constitute the _______.

Back 35

microsystem

Front 36

System that link one microsystem to another constitute the _____.

Back 36

mesosystem

Front 37

Community institutions such as schools and church make up the ______.

Back 37

exosystem

Front 38

Cultural values, political philosophies, economic patterns and social systems make up the _______.

Back 38

macrosystem

Front 39

The finals system in this model is the _____. which emphasizes the inportance of historical time on development

Back 39

chronosystem

Front 40

Developmental researchers work from a set of moral principles that constitute their ___ ____ _____ Reseachers who study humans must obtain ______, which refers to written permission, ensure their subjects are not ____ and that they are allowed to stop at any time.

Back 40

code of ethics
informed consent
harmed

Front 41

A research study that is a complilation of data from many other sources is called a ____-_____.

Back 41

meta-analysis

Front 42

The scientific study of human development is defined as the study of
a. how and why people change or remain the same over time
b. psychosocial infuences of age
c individual differnces in learning over the life span
d. all of the above

Back 42

how and why people change or remain the same over time

Front 43

The research method that involves complilation of data from many other sources is the:
a. case study
b. meta-anyalsis
c.cross-sectional
d. scientific observation

Back 43

b. metaanyalsis

Front 44

Which of the following is not one of the three inportant aspects of social context discussed in the text
a. historical
b.socioeconmic
c. cultural
d. racial

Back 44

racial

Front 45

Which of the following describes a neighborhood in which people pitch in to keep children safe, keep trash off the streets, and generaly show concern for one another?
a. cohert effect
b.collective efficacy
c.meta-analysis
d. butterfly effect

Back 45

b. collective efficacy

Front 46

The ecologiacl systems approach to developmental psychology focuses on the
a. biochemistry of the body systems
b. macrosystems only
c. internal thinking process
d. overall environment development

Back 46

d overall environmental development, this approach sees development as occuring within 5 interacting levels, or environments

Front 47

Reseachers who take life span perspective on development focus on:
a. the sources of continuity from the begginning of life to the end
b. the sources of discontinuity throughout life
c. the "nonlinear" character of human develpment
d. all of above

Back 47

d. all of above

Front 48

That fluctuaations in body weight are affected by gens, appetite, caregiving, culture, and food supply indicates that body weight
a. is characterized by linear change
b. is a dynamic system
c. often has a butterfly effect
d. is characterized by all of the above

Back 48

b. is a dynamic system
(a body weight does not always increase in a linear fashion. c. although it is possibel that a small change in a persons body weight could set off a series of changes culminate amajor event, the question is concerned with the interconnectedness of body weight, nutrition, and other dynamic developmental systems.)

Front 49

A hypothesis is
a. conclusion
b. prediction to be tested
c. statistical test
d. correlation

Back 49

b. prediction to be tested

Front 50

A developmentalist who is interested in studying the influences of a person's immediate environment on his or her behavior is focusing on which system?
a. mesosystem
b. macrosystem
c. microsystem
d. exosystem

Back 50

c microsystem
( mesosystem refers to systems that link one microsystem to another, macrosystem this refers to cultural values,polical philosphies, economic patterns, and social conditions,exosystem includes the community structures that affect the functioning of smaller groups

Front 51

Socioeconomic staus is determined by a combination of variables, including
a. age, education, and income
b. income, ethnicity, and occupation
c. income, education, and occupation
d. age, ethnicity and occupation

Back 51

c. income, education, and occupation

Front 52

a disadvange of experiments is that:
a. people may behave differently in an artificail environment in a labratory
b.contol groups are too large to be accommodated in most labs
c.they are the method most vuneracle to bias on the part of the reseacher
d, proponents of the ecological approach over use then

Back 52

a. people may behave differntly in the artificial setting of a lab

Front 53

In an experiment testing the effects of group size on individual effort in a tug of war task, the number of people in each group is the
a. hypothesis
b. independent variable
c. dependent variable
d. level of significance

Back 53

b. independent variable
(a. a possible hypothesis for this experiment would be that the larger the group, the less hard a given individual will pull, c. the dependent variable is the measure of individual effort, d significance level refers to the numerical value specifying the possibility that the results of an experiment could have occured by chance.)

Front 54

Which research method would be most appropriate for investigating the relationship between parents religious beliefs and their attitudes toward middle-school sex education?
a. experimentation
b. longitudinal research
c. naturalistic observation
d. the survey

Back 54

d. survey
( a. experimrntation is appropriate when one is seeking to uncover cause and effect relationships in this example the reseacher is only interested in determing whether parent beliefd predict their attitudes, b, longitudial research would be appropriate if the reseacher sought to examine the deveolpment of these attitudes over a long period of time.and c mere observation would not allow the reseacher to determine the attitudes of the participants.

Front 55

A kibbutz is most accurately described as a(n)
a. farming commune whose members share work, income, and child care
b. group of people born in the same religion, social class, and historical era
c. research method often used by developmental psychologist
d. idea that is built more on shared perception that on objective reality

Back 55

a. farming commune who members share work, income, and child care ( b. group of people born in the same region, social class, and historical era describes cohort, c a kibbutz is a group of people not a ressearch method, d. idea that is built more on shared proception than on objective reality is social contruction)

Front 56

Developmentalist who carefully observe the behavior of school children during recess are using a research method known as
a. the case study
b. cross-sectional research
c. scientific observation
d. cross-sequential research

Back 56

c. scientific research ( a case study one subject is studied over a period of time, b. cross sectionsl and d cross sequietial two or more groups of subjects are studied and compared

Front 57

Scientist rarely repeat an experiment

Back 57

False just the opposite, scientist always try to replicate their or others people work

Front 58

(In person) The case study of David cleaarly demonstrates that for some children only nature (or heridetity) is inportant.

Back 58

False The case study of David shows that both nature and nurture are inportant in affecting outcome

Front 59

Observation usually indicates a clear relationship between cause and effect.

Back 59

false a disadvantage of observation is thast the variables are numerous and uncontrolled, and therefor cause and effect relationships are difficult to pinpoint

Front 60

Each social context influences developnent independently

Back 60

false each social context effects thje way a person develops, and each is affected by the other contexts

Front 61

Cohort differnces are an example of the impact of the social context on develpment

Back 61

true

Front 62

Every trait of an individual can be altered at any point in the life span

Back 62

true

Front 63

Socioeconomic status is rarely measured solely by family income

Back 63

false it government statistics it often is

Front 64

The influences between and within Bronfenbrenners systems are undirectional and independent

Back 64

false quite the reverse is true

Front 65

people of different ethnic groups can all share one culture

Back 65

true

Front 66

longitudinal research is particulary useful in studing development over a long age span

Back 66

true

Front 67

children who sleep with their parents are taught to be depend on their parents for protection and typically become bold and independent as adults

Back 67

false this is true of children who asleep alone

Front 68

An individuals personel sphere of development refers to his
a. microsystem and mesosystem
b. exosystem
c. macrosystem
d. microsystem,mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosysytem

Back 68

d. microsysytem, mesosysytem, exosytem, macrosysytem, and chronosystem

Front 69

Developmental psychologist explore three area of development
a. physical, coginitive, psychosocial
b. physical, biosocial, cognitive
c. biosocial, cognitive psychosocial
d. bisosocial, cognitive, emotional

Back 69

c biosocail, cognitive, psychosocial

Front 70

The most inportant principle of the developmental research code of ethics is:
a. never physically or psychologically harm those who are involved in research
b. maintain confidentiality at all cost
c. obtain informed consent at all costs
d. ensure that participants do not understand the tru purpose of their research study

Back 70

a. never physically or psychologically harm those who are involved in research

Front 71

When developmentalist speak of the "butterfly effect" they are most directly referring to the idea that
a. a small event may have a powerful impact on development
b. development is fundamentally a nonlinear event
c. each context of development is a dynamic system
d. each context of development interacts with the others

Back 71

a. a small event may have a powerful impact on development

Front 72

According to the ecological-systems approach, the macrosystem would include
a. the peer group
b.the community
c.cultural values
d. the family

Back 72

c cultural values
( a peer group and d family are part of microsystem and b the community is part of the exosystem)

Front 73

When developmentalist speak of " power of continuity" they are referring to the insight that:
a. a change in one developmental system often affects many other things
b. a small change can become hugh
c. a large change may have no perceptible effect
d. all of the above occur

Back 73

c. a large change may have no perceptible effect ( a a change in one devopmental system often effects many other things is insight of inmteracting systems and b. a small change can become hugh is butter fly effect

Front 74

Professor Cohen predicts that because " babyboomers" grew up in an era that promoted independence and assertitiveness, people in their 40's and 50's will respond differently to a polical survey than will people in their 20's and 30's. The professors prediction regarding political attitudes is an example of
a. meta-anyalsis
b. hypothesis
c. indepentdent variable
d. dependent variable

Back 74

b hypothesis
(In a meta-anaylsis, the results of a number of seperate research studies are combined and variables are treatments (independent) or behaviors (dependent) in experiments, which the situation clearly is not

Front 75

A cohort is defined as a group of people"
a. of similar national origin
b. who share a common languange
c. born within a few years of each other
d. who share the dame religion

Back 75

c born within a few years of each other
(A B D are attributes of an ethnic group)

Front 76

In a test of the effect of noise, groups of students performed a proofreading task in a noisy or quiet room. To what group were students in the noisey room assigned?
a. experimental
b, comparison
c. randomly assigned
d, dependent

Back 76

a experimental the group is the one in which the variable or treatment in this case noise is present (b students in quiet room would be the comparison group, presumably all students in both groups were randomly assigned to their group, and the word dependent refers to a kind of variable in experiments;groups are either experimental or control.)

Front 77

In differentiating ethnicity and culture we note that
a. ethnicity is an exclusively biological phenomenon
b. an ethic group is a group of people who were born within a few years of each other
c. people of many ethic groups can share one culture, yet maintheir ethic identities
d. racial identity is always an element of culture

Back 77

c. people of many ethic groups can share one culture

Front 78

If developmentalist discovered that poor people are happier than wealthy people are, this would indicate that wealth and happiness are:
a. unrelated
b. correlated
c. examples of nature and nurture, respectively
d. causally related

Back 78

b correlated
(a wealth and happiness clearly are related, c for one thing, poverty is clearly an example of nurture, not nature and d correlation does not apply causation)

Front 79

The plasticity of development refers to the fact:
a. development is not always linear
b. each human life must be understood and inbedded in many context
c. there are many reciprocal connections between childhood and adulthood
d. human characteristics can be molded into different forms and shapes

Back 79

d human characteristics can be molded into differnt forms and shapes

Front 80

In an experiment testing the effects of noise level on mood, mood is the
a. hypothesis
b. indepentdent vaariable
c. dependent variable
d. scientific observation

Back 80

c dependent variable
(a hyposthesis make specific testable predictions, b noise level is the independent vaiable and d scientific observation is a research method in which participants are watched while their behavior is recorded)

Front 81

a group of people born within a few years of each othr

Back 81

cohort

Front 82

determined by a persons income, education, and occupation

Back 82

socioeconomic status

Front 83

research study comparing people of differnt ages at the same time

Back 83

cross-sectional research

Front 84

the historical conditions that affect develpment

Back 84

exosystem

Front 85

collection of people who share certain attributes, such as national origin

Back 85

ethnic group

Front 86

shared values, attitudes, and customs maintained by people in specific setting

Back 86

culture

Front 87

local insstitutions such as schools

Back 87

exosystem

Front 88

the variable manipulated in an experiment

Back 88

independent variable

Front 89

connections between microsystems

Back 89

mesosystem

Front 90

to repeat a sstudy and obtain the smae findings

Back 90

replicate

Front 91

the variable measured in an experiment

Back 91

dependent variable

Front 92

research study retesting one group of people at several differnt times

Back 92

longitudinal research

Front 93

Dr Ahmed is conducting research that takes into consideration the relationship between the individual and the environment. Evidently Dr Ahmed is using the
a. ecological sytem approach
b. logitudinal method
c. cross-sectional method
d.case study method

Back 93

a ecological sytem approach

Front 94

In order to study the effects of temperature on mood, Dr Sanchez had students fill out questionaires in a very warm or very cool room In this study, the independent variable consist of
a. the number of students assigned to each group
b. the students response to the questionaires
c. the room temperature
d. the subject matter of the questionaire

Back 94

c room temperature is the variable being manipulated

Front 95

Jahmal is writing a paper on the role of the socail context in development. He would do well to consult writings of
a. Piaget
b. Freud
c. Bronfenbrenner
d. Skinner

Back 95

c Bronfenbrenner
Piaget is notable in the area of cognitve develpment
Freud is was a pioneer of psychoanalysis
Skinner is notable in the history of learning theory

Front 96

Summarizing her presentation on race and biology, Trisha notes that:
a. a racial group is a collection of people who share ancestral heritage
b. race is a biological construction defined by the genetic traits of a group of people
c. social scientist reconize that all racial catagories are inprecise
d. all of the above are tru

Back 96

b race is a biological construction defines by the genetic traits of a group of people

Front 97

Esteban believes that high doses of caffiene slow a persons reaction time. In order to test his belief, he has 5 friends each drink three 8 ounce cups of coffee and then measures their reaction time on a learning task. What is wrong with Estebans research stratigie
a. No indepent variable is specified
b. no dependent variable is apecified
c. There is no comparison condition
d. there is no provision for relication of the findings

Back 97

c there is no comparison condition

Front 98

When reseachers find that the results of a study are statistically significant, this means
a. they may have caused ourely by chancce
b. it is unlikely they can be replicated
c. it is unlikely they could have occured by chance
d. the sample population was representative of the general population

Back 98

c. It is unlikely they could have occured by chance

Front 99

When we say that the idea of old age as we know it is a "social construction" we are saying
a. the idea is built on shared percceptions of members of society
b. old age has only recently been reagrded as a distinct part of life
c. old age can not be defined
d. the idea is based onwell tested hypothesis

Back 99

a. the ideal is built on shared perceptions of members of society

Front 100

Professor Jorgenson believes develoment is plastic. By this she means
a. change in development occurs in evry direction, not in a straight line
b. human lives are embedded in many different context
c. there are many cultures that influence development
d. every individual, and every trait within each individual, can be altered at any point in the life span

Back 100

d every individual and every trait within wach individual can be altered at any oint in the life span
(a. change in development occurs in every direction and not in straight line describes multidirectional
b. human lifes are embedded in many differnt context describes multiconteextual
c. there are many cultures that influence development describes multiciltural

Front 101

Karens mother is puzzled by the numerous discrepancies between developmentmental psychology textbook she used in 1976 and her daughters contemperary text. Karen explains that the differnce are the results of
a. the lack of regard by earlier reseachers for the scientific method
b. changing social conditions and cohert effects
c. the wide-spread use of cross-sectional research today
d. the wides pread use od longitudinal research today

Back 101

b changing social conditions and cohert effects

Front 102

If height and body weight are correlated, which of the following is true
a. there is cause and effect relationship between height and weight
b. knowing a persons height, one can predict her weight
c. both and b are true
d. neither is true

Back 102

b. knowing a person height one can predict her weight

Front 103

An example of longitudinal research would be and investigater compares the performance of
a. several differnt age groups on memory test
b. the same group of people at differnet ages on a test of memory
c. an experimental group and a comparison group on test of memory
d. several differnet age groups on a test of memory as each group is tested repeatedly over a period of years

Back 103

b the same group of people at differnt ages on a test of memory

Front 104

For her developmental psycology research project, Lakia decide she wants to focus primarily on qualitative data. You would advise her to conduct
a. a survey
b. an experiment
c, a cross-sectional
d. a casy study

Back 104

d a case study
( a survey,experiment and cross sectional usually produce quanatative results, rather than qualitative data

Front 105

Professor Johsnon warns her students to be skeptical of the results of a contoversal study because it has not been replicated. By this she means
a. there was no experimental group
b. there was no cmparison group
c. the study has not yet been repeated by other reseachers in order to verify the original findings
d. the results are statistical insignificant

Back 105

c the study has not yet been repeated by other reseachers in order to verify the original findings

Front 106

Dr Watson is comparing research findings for a group of 30 year olds with the findings of the same individuals at age 20, as well as with findings for groups who were 30 in 1990. Which research method is she using?
a. longitudinal
b. cross-sectional
c. case study
d. cross sequential

Back 106

d cross sequential

Front 107

To find out whether peoples attitudes regarding an issue vary with their age group, Karen distributes the same survey to groups of people in their 20,30, 40,50 and 60. Karen is evediently conducting
a. longitudinal research
b. cross sectional research
c. cross sequential research
d. case study

Back 107

b cross sectional