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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are some of the properties and processes of life?
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Order
Evolutionary adaptation Response to environment Growth and development Reproduction Energy Process Regulation |
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What is biology's core/overarching theme and what does it mean?
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Evolution, which is the process of change that has transformed life on Earth from it’s earliest beginnings to the diversity of organisms living today
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From highest to lowest, name the levels of Biological Organization?
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Biosphere
Ecosystems Communities Population Organisms Organs and organ systems Tissues Cells Organelles Molecules |
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New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases are called?
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Emergent properties
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The reduction of complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study is called?
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Reductionism
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The dilemma which states that on one hand, we cannot fully explain a higher level of order by breaking it down into its parts. After disection an animal no longer functions; a cell reduced to its chemical ingredients is no longer a cell. Something as complex as an organism or a cell cannot be analyzed without taking it apart explains what?
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The Power and Limitation of Reductionism
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All of the environments on Earth that are inhabited by life.
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Biosphere
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Consists of all of the living things in a particular area, along with all of the non-living components of the environment with which life interacts such as the soil, water, atmospheric gases and light
Ex: grasslands, deserts, coral reefs, forests |
Ecosystems
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The entire array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem is a biological community. All species. All forms of life.
The set of populations that inhabit a particular area |
Communities
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All of the individuals of a species living within the bounds of a specific area
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Population
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Individual living things of all types
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Organisms
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A part of the body consisting of tow or more tissues that carry out a particular function in the body
A a team of organs that cooperate in a specific function |
Organs and Organ systems
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Group of similar cells
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Tissues
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Cells are life’s fundamental unit of structure and function - what are the two types and how do they differ?
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Prokaryotic: Generally smaller than eukaryotic and DNA is not separated from the rest of the cell by enclosure in a membrane-bound nucleus. Also lacks other kinds of membrane-bound organelles,
Eukaryotic: Subdivided by internal membranes into various membrane-bound enclosed organelles. In most eukaryotic cells, the largest organelle is the nucleus. |
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Various functional components that make up cells
Ex: chloroplasts, golgi apparatus, mitochondria |
Organelles
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A chemical structure consisting of 2 or more atoms
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Molecules
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The study of a system (biological) at any level of organization
Goal is to construct models for the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems Theme: Organisms interact with their environments, exchange matter and energy |
Systems Biology
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What are e dynamics of an ecosystem?
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The cycling of nutrients
The one way flow of energy from sunlight to producers to consumers o think of giraffe and tree picture |
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Theme: ______ and ______ are correlated at all levels of biological organization.
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Structure and function
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Theme: _____ are an organism’s basic unit of structure and function.
Name two characteristics mentioned regfarding how they are enclosed and what they us as information. |
Cells:
Every cell is enclosed by a membrane that regulates the passage of materials between the cell and it’s surrounding. Every cell uses DNA as it’s genetic information |
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Theme: The continuity of life is based on heritable information of what?
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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
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DNA is the substance of genes, which are the units of what and do what do they do?
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They are the units of inheritance that transmits information from parent to offspring.
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All of the genetic instructions that an organism inherits (entire library)
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Genome
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_____ are the tools that can analyze biological materials very rapidly and produce enormous amounts of data
_____ is the use of computational tools to store, organize and analyze that huge volume of data that results from high throughput methods _____ is the melting pot of diverse specialist such as computer scientists, mathematicians, engineers, chemists, biologists, physicists These are the 3 keys to what? |
High throughput technology
Bioinformatics: Interdisciplinary research teams The 3 Keys of Systems Biology |
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Theme: What do feedback mechanisms regulate?
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Biological Systems
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Negative feedback is the accumulation of an end product of a process that slows that process, which inhibiits what?
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An enzyme near the beginning of the pathway
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Positive feedback is when the end product does what?
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Speeds up it’s production
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The Core Theme which accounts for the unity and diversity of life is called?
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Evolution
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List the classifications of life from largest to smallest.
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1. Domain
2. Kingdom 3. Phylum 4. Class 5. Order 6. Family 7. Genus 8. Species |
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What are the 3 domains of life?
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1. Bacteria
2. Archaea 3. Eukarya |
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The domain that is the most diverse and widespread? What falls in this domain?
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Bacteria
Prokarytic |
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Many from this domain live in extreme environments such as salty lakes and boiling hot springs - what falls into this domain?
Eukarya • includes kingdoms Plantae, Fungi and Animalia • Protists o Unicellular eukaryotes and their relatively simple multi-cellular relatives • Fungi o Absorb dissolved nutrients from their surroundings; many decompose dead organisms and organic wastes • Plantae o Multi-cellular eukaryotes that carry out photosynthesis • Animalia o Multi-cellular, ingests other organisms |
Archaea
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That is the name of the third domain which includes kingdoms Plantae, Fungi and Animalia? Can you explain the kingdoms:
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Fungi: Absorb dissolved nutrients from their surroundings; many decompose dead organisms and organic wastes
Plantae: Multi-cellular eukaryotes that carry out photosynthesis Animalia: Multi-cellular, ingests other organisms |
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Also included in the Eukarya domain are unicellular eukaryotes and their relatively simple multi-cellular relatives called?
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Protists
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List the 5 Kingdoms.
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1. Plants
2. Animals 3. Fungi 4. Single-celled eukaryotic organism 5. Prokaryotes |
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Person responsible for Natural Selection? Can you explain the two parts to the this theory?
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Charles Darwin, and the two parts to NS are:
Mechanism of evolutionary adaptation Individuals with inherent traits that are best suited to the local environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than less fit individuals |
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_____ is the search for information and explanation often focusing on specific questions.
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Inquiry
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Discovery science = Descriptive science are the ____________.
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Observations and analysis of data
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Hypothesis
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Is a tentative answer to a well-framed question – an explanation on trial
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Two types of Hypothesis based science are?
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Inductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning |
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Deriving generalizations from a large number of specific observations. Can you give any examples?
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Inductive reasoning
Ex: The sun always sets in the east, or All organisms are made of cells. |
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The “If…then” logic, from general premises, we extrapolate to the specific results if the premises are true. Can you give an example using organisms, cells, and humans?
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Deductive reasoning
Ex: If all organisms are made of cells (premise 1), and humans are organisms (premise 2), then humans are composed of cells (deductive prediction about a specific case). |
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What is a theory?
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An explanation that is broad in scope, generates new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence
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An idealized process of inquiry that can be dynamic, is not as rigid as believed
A good science need not conform exactly to one method of inquiry These all describe what? |
Scientific method
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Controlled experiments are designed to do what two things?
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Compare an experimental group with a control group and
ideally the groups differ only in the one factor which is to be tested. |
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Models are representation of what?
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Theory to process
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What is the term that usually centers on “should we do it” and generally applies scientific knowledge for some specific purpose?
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Technology
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Biologists/Scientist speak of what?
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“discoveries”
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Engineers/technologists speak of what?
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“inventions”
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All othe organisms on our campus make up
community population experimental group a taxonomic domain |
Community
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List the correct sequence of levels in life's hiearchy, proceeding downward from an individual animal.
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Organism, Organ system, Organ, Tissue, Cell, Organelle, Molecule & Atom.
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Systems biology is mainly an attempt to ______
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Construct models of the behavior of entire biological systems.
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Protists and bacteria are grouped into different domains because _______
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Protists have a membrane bounded nucleus, which bacterial cells lack.
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The structure and function of DNA best demonstrates unity among what?
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All organism
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What is qualitative data?
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Also known as Categorical or Attribute), it is data that can be seperated into categories that are distinguished by some nonnumeric characteristic.
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If my hypothesis is correct, I can expect certain test results best describes what?
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The logic of hypothesis-based science.
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A controlled experiment is one that includes what?
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An experimental group and a control group to be tested parallel.
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What distinguishes hypotheses from theories in science?
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Hypotheses usually are relatively narrow in scope; theories have broad explanatory power.
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(hi-poth'-uh-sis) A tentative answer to a well-framed question, narrower in scope than a theory and subject to testing.
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hypothesis
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A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations.
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inductive reasoning
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The search for information and explanation, often focused by specific questions.
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inquiry
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A representation of a theory or process.
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model
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A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change.
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negative feedback
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In classification, the taxonomic category above the level of family.
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order
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A physiological control mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change.
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positive feedback
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(pro´-kar´-e-ot´-ik) A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) are called prokaryotes.
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prokaryotic cell
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An approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems.
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systems biology
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The application of scientific knowledge for a specific purpose, often involving industry or commerce but also including uses in basic research.
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technology
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An experiment in which an experimental group is compared with a control group that varies only in the factor being tested.
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controlled experiment
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Recorded observations.
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data
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A type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise.
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deductive reasoning
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(de-ok´-se-ri´-bo-nu-kla´-ik) A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule consisting of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T); capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell’s proteins.
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deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
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The process of scientific inquiry that focuses on describing nature.
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discovery science
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New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.
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emergent properties
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(yu-kar'-e-uh) The domain that includes all eukaryotic organisms.
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Eukarya
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(yu'-ker-e-ot'-ik) A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes.
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eukaryotic cell
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Descent with modification; the idea that living species are descendants of ancestral species that were different from the present-day ones; also defined more narrowly as the change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation.
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evolution
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(je´-nom) The genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organism’s or virus’s genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid sequences.
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genome
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Period of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill vacant ecological roles in their communities.
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adaptive radiation
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(a-den´-o-sen tri fos´-fat) An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells.
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adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
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(ar´-k e´-uh) One of two prokaryotic domains, the other being Bacteria.
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Archaea
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Member of the prokaryotic domain Archaea.
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archaean
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The use of computers, software, and mathematical models to process and integrate biological information from large data sets.
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bioinformatics
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The scientific study of life.
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biology
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(biology: the scientific study of life; biosphere: all the environments on Earth that are inhabited by life; bioinformatics: using information technology to extract useful information from large sets of biological data)
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bio- = life
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(organelle: a small membrane-enclosed body with a specialized function found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells)
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-ell = small
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(eukaryotic cell: a cell that has a true nucleus)
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eu- = true
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(prokaryotic cell: a cell that has no nucleus)
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pro- = before; karyo- = nucleus
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Which of the following is an attribute of living things? ( Overview)
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They must be carbon-based.
They must be able to breathe oxygen. They must be able to evolve and adapt. They must be able to reproduce sexually. all of the above |
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What is the appropriate term for an interacting group of individuals of a single type? ( Concept 1.1)
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species
population ecosystem community habitat |
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Which series of terms is in the sequence of biological organization from the simplest to the most complex? ( Concept 1.1)
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community, population, ecosystem, habitat, biosphere
tissue, organ system, organ, cell, organism organism, ecosystem, community, population, biosphere cell, tissue, organ, population, community molecule, tissue, cell, organelle, organ |
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Emergent properties of living systems are defined as properties that _____. ( Concept 1.1)
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are apparent only when an organism is studied at the molecular level
are due to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases are evident during only one portion of the life cycle of an organism define the cell's surroundings none of the above |
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Which of the following can be considered a biological system? ( Concept 1.1)
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a single liver cell
a pond the biosphere a salmon's cardiovascular system all of the above |
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Sequencing a protein to discover the sequence of amino acids that make it up is an example of ________. Understanding how that protein functions and interacts with other proteins in a cell is an example of ________. ( Concept 1.1)
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systems biology; reductionism
hypothesis-driven science; systems biology reductionism; systems biology natural selection; systems biology inductive reasoning; reductionism |
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In an ecosystem nutrients _________ and energy ________. ( Concept 1.1)
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are wasted; is burned
cycle; flows through flow through; is recycled are created; is lost disappear; can not be created nor destroyed |
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The chemical energy used by (most) organisms for metabolism and growth ultimately comes from _____. ( Concept 1.1)
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heat
the decomposition of plants and other organic debris the sun carbon dioxide evolution |
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Which of the following is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living organisms? ( Concept 1.1)
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organelle
tissue cell organ organism |
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What is the molecular commonality that is the basis of life's variety? ( Concept 1.1)
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protein
DNA the ecosystem natural selection mutation |
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How is the information encoded in DNA actually used by organisms? ( Concept 1.1)
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Proteins are built directly from the information in the DNA.
DNA is translated into protein and then transcribed to RNA. DNA leaves the nucleus and interacts directly with other molecules in the cell. The information in the DNA diffuses throughout the cell. The information in DNA is transcribed to RNA and then translated into protein. |
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In which kingdom can multicellular eukaryotic, photosynthetic organisms be found? ( Concept 1.2)
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Archaea
Fungi Protista Plantae Animalia |
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Which of the following domains is prokaryotic? ( Concept 1.2)
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Eukarya
Protista. Archaea Fungi The domain Bacteria, the domain Archaea, and the domain Eukarya all contain at least some prokaryotic members. |
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Which kingdom within the domain Eukarya is composed of organisms that are generally unicellular (single-celled)? ( Concept 1.2)
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Plantae
Fungi Animalia Protista Archaea |
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Eukaryotic organisms that decompose dead organisms and absorb the nutrients are generally found in which kingdom? ( Concept 1.2)
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Archaea
Bacteria Plantae Animalia Fungi |
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Natural selection tends to act at which of the following levels? ( Concept 1.2)
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population
species phylum kingdom class |
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Which of the following observations and inferences led Charles Darwin to his theory of natural selection as the mechanism for evolution? ( Concept 1.2)
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Individuals in a population of any species vary in many heritable traits.
Individuals with heritable traits best-suited to the local environment will generally produce a disproportionate number of healthy, fertile offspring. A population of any species has the potential to produce far more offspring than will survive to produce offspring of their own. Individuals of a population are unequal in the likelihood of surviving and reproducing. Darwin synthesized his theory of natural selection from all of the above observations and inferences. |
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With evolution as the core theme of biology, we can explain traits shared by organisms as evidence of _______ and traits that differ among organisms as evidence of _________. ( Concept 1.2)
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descent from a common ancestor; chance
coincidence; adaptation systems biology; reductionism descent from a common ancestor; adaptation through natural selection qualitative data; quantitative data |
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Experimentation is only one part of the process of scientific inquiry, but it is a very important step because it _____. ( Concept 1.3)
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gives the investigator a systematic, unbiased result
allows rejection of some alternative hypotheses ensures that hypotheses can be confirmed with certainty ensures that the variable being tested is measured without error gives scientists a chance to work in the laboratory |
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Radon is a radioactive gas that seeps into homes from the soil. It is thought to be a leading cause of lung cancer. A research team investigates this theory. They gather large amounts of data on basement radon concentrations and lung cancer rates and conclude that the more radon there is in a home, the more likely is lung cancer. After the study is published, other researchers criticize it by asserting that the studied neighborhoods with higher radon concentrations also have a higher percentage of older people and a higher percentage of cigarette smokers than the low-radon neighborhoods. Both advanced age and cigarette smoking increase the risk of lung cancer. This criticism, if correct, shows that the radon study suffered from _____. ( Concept 1.3)
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a lack of replication
an unfalsifiable hypothesis uncontrolled variables nonsystematic observation and analysis of data a small sample size |
