Chapter 1 Introducing Psychology Second Edition, Schacter

Front 1

Psychology

Back 1

the scientific study of mind and behavior.

Front 2

Mind

Back 2

Our private inner experience

Front 3

Behavior

Back 3

Observable actions of human beings and nonhuman animals.

Front 4

Nativism

Back 4

The philosophical view that certain kinds of knowledge are innate or inborn

Front 5

Philosophical empiricism

Back 5

The philosophical view that all knowledge is acquired through experience

Front 6

Phrenology

Back 6

A now defunct theory that specific mental abilities and characteristics, ranging from memory to the capacity for happiness are localized in specific regions of the brain

Front 7

Physiology

Back 7

The study of biological processes, especially in the human body

Front 8

Stimulus

Back 8

Sensory input from the environment

Front 9

reaction time

Back 9

the amount of time taken to respond to a specific stimulus.

Front 10

Consciousness

Back 10

A persons subjective experience of the world and the mind.

Front 11

structuralism

Back 11

The analysis of the basic elements of consciousness. Looks at the way we think and feel and why

Front 12

introspection

Back 12

The subjective observation of one's own experience.

Front 13

functionalism

Back 13

The study of the purpose mental processes serve in enabling people to adapt to their environment. Looks at why we behave the way we do.

Front 14

Natural selection

Back 14

Charles Darwin's theory that the features of an organism that help it survive and reproduce are more likely than other features to be passed on to subsequent generations

Front 15

Hysteria

Back 15

A temporary loss of cognitive or motor functions, usually as a result of emotionally upsetting experiences.

Front 16

Unconscious

Back 16

The part of the mind that operates outside of conscious awareness but influences conscious thoughts, feelings, and actions

Front 17

Psychoanalytic theory

Back 17

Sigmund Freud's approach to understanding human behavior that emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping fellins thoughts, and behaviors.

Front 18

Psychoanalysis

Back 18

focuses on bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness to better understand psychological disorders.

Front 19

Humanistic psychology

Back 19

An approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings.

Front 20

Behaviorism

Back 20

advocates that psychologists restrict themselves to the scientific study of objectively observable behavior.

Front 21

Response

Back 21

An action or physiological change elicited by a stimulus.

Front 22

Reinforcement

Back 22

The consequences of a behavior that determine whether it will be more likely that the behavior will occur again

Front 23

Illusions

Back 23

Erros of perception, memory, or judgement in which subjective experience differs from objective reality.

Front 24

gestalt psychology

Back 24

A psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts.

Front 25

Cognitive psychology

Back 25

The scientific study of mental processes, including perception thought, memory, and reasoning. Based on ideas that much of what we feel is determined by what we think.

Front 26

Behavioral neuroscience

Back 26

links psychological processes to activities in the nervous system and other bodily processes

Front 27

Cognitive neuroscience

Back 27

attempts to understand the links between cognitive processes and brain activity.

Front 28

Evolutionary psychology

Back 28

A psychological approach that explains mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection.

Front 29

social psychology

Back 29

A subfield of psychology that studies the causes and consequences of interpersonal behavior.

Front 30

cultural psychology

Back 30

The study of how cultures reflect the shape and the psychological processes of their members.