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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cell Organization
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All organisms consist of 1 or more cells.
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Order
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From molecules to cells, all are highly organized from simple to complex.
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Sensitivity
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All organisms sense and respond to changes in the environment.
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Growth, development, reproduction
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All organisms grow and pass hereditary molecules to offspring.
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Energy Utilization
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Energy is used for growth and maintenance.
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Evolutionary Adaptation
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Organisms interact with other organisms and changing environments.
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Homeostasis
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relatively constant internal conditions are maintained
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Cellular Level
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-molecule
-organelles -cells |
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Organismal Level
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-tissues
-organs -organ system |
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Populational Level
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-population
-species -biological community -ecosystem |
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Order of Levels
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1. Cellular
2. Organismal 3. Populational |
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Emergent Properties
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novel properties that arise at each higher (cellular) level
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Deductive Reasoning
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Apply general principals to specific results.
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Inductive Reasoning
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Use specific observations to construct general principles.
(cats/dogs have hair, all animals have hair) |
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Scientific Method
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1. Observation
2. Hypothesis 3. Prediction 4. Experiment 5. Theory 6. Research |
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Hypothesis
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suggested explanation for an observation
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Experiment
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test hypothesis and eliminate false hypotheses
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in a controlled experiment, all variables but one are ___
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constant
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you make a prediction before experiment to ___
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make sure the test is valid
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theory
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-a proposed explanation for a natural phenomenon
-the body of interconnected concepts supported by scientific reasoning and experimental evidence -solid ground of science |
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used to widen current knowledge and provides the scientific foundation used in applied research
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basic research
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results (that must be ___) undergo ____ in scientific journals.
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reproducible, peer review
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___served as naturalist on mapping expedition arond ____
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Charles Darwin, coastal South America
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___argued operation of natural laws producing change over time, or ___
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Charles Darwin, evolution
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evolution is explained by ___
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natural selection
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D's Evidence 1
- fossils of ___ (Glypodant) were similar to ___ (armadillo) |
extinct organisms, modern species
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D's Evidence 2
- haracteristics of similar species (___) varied from place to place -gradual change of ___ -organisms on young volcanic islands resmbled those on the ___ |
galapagos finches, organismal lineages, mainland coast
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-___ wrote "Essay on the Principle of Population"
-he pointed out that populations of organisms tend to increase ___ |
Thomas Mathus, geometrically
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Mathus- unchecked populations should lead to ___
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population explosions
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Mathus- only a limited number of individuals survive
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survival of the fittest
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Darwin- individuals with superior attributes are more likely to ___ than those without
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survive and reproduce
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selection- domestic breeds
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artficial
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selection- organisms in the wild
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natural
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independently and almost simultaneously developed the same idea as Darwin
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Alfred Russel Wallace
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___ proves that the ___ is older than previously believed
(___, not___ years) |
fossil record, earth, 4.5 billion, 6000
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homologous & analogous structures
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comparitive anatomy
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have same evolutionary origin but different structure and function
Ex: Vertebrate limbs |
homologous structures
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have similar structure and function but different evolutionary origin
Ex: insect wings vs. bird wings |
analogous structures
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mechanism of heredity
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modern genetics
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changes in DNA sequences of common molecules (i.e. hemoglobin and cytocrome c)
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molecular evidence of genetics
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show molecular differences over time
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molecular clocks
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show number of amino acid differences in animals
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phylogenetic trees
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four unifying themes of science
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cell theory
molecular basis of inheritance evolutionary change evolutionary conservation |
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all living organisms are made of cells, and all living cells come from other living organisms
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cell theory
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heredity depends on the copying of a cell's DNA to daughter cells
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molecular basis of inheritance
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life froms have evolved varying characteristics to adapt to varied enironments
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evolutionary change
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some characteristics of earlier organisms are preserved and passed on to future generations
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evolutionary conservation
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