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162 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
body structure |
Anatomy |
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Study of how the body functions
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Physiology
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The study of disorders of body functions
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Pathophysiology
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A disorder/disruption of the normal body function
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Disease
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Procedures used to identify the cause and nature of a person’s illness
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Diagnosis
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Complex chemicals that contain the elements of carbon and hydrogen
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Organic Chemicals
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Simple molecules made of one or two elements other than carbon and hydrogen |
Inorganic Chemicals |
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List the 5 levels of organization that make up the human body |
Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System |
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The smallest living unit of structure and function
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Cells |
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A group of cells with similar structure
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Tissues |
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The 4 types of tissue found in the human body
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Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nerve |
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This tissue lines body surfaces. It makes up the skin and sweat glands
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Epithelial |
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This tissue connects and supports parts of the body; some even transport and store materials
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Connective |
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This tissue is specialized for contraction and promotes movement
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Muscle |
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This tissue is specialized to generate and transmit electrochemical impulses that regulate body functions |
Nerve |
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A group of tissues precisely arranged so as to accomplish specific functions
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Organs |
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A group of organs that all contribute to a particular function
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Organ Systems
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What are the 11 Organ Systems in the body? |
Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Circulatory, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive |
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This system is a barrier to pathogens and chemicals. It prevents excess water loss and is composed of skin and subcutaneous tissue
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Integumentary
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This system supports the body, protects internal organs, and provides framework to be moved by muscles. It is made up of bones and ligaments.
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Skeletal
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This system Moves the skeleton and produces heat. It is made up of muscles and tendons. |
Muscular
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This system interprets sensory information, regulates body functions like movement by means of electrochemical impulses. It is composed of organs such as the brain, spinal cord, nerves, eyes, and ears.
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Nervous
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This system regulates body functions such as growth and reproduction be means of hormones. It regulates day to day metabolism by means of hormones and is composed of organs such as the thyroid gland, pituitary gland, ovaries or testes, and pancreas.
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Endocrine
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This system transports oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removes waste products. It is made up of organs such as the heart, blood, arteries, and veins.
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Circulatory
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This system returns tissue fluid to the blood, destroys pathogens that enter the body, and provides immunity. It’s made up of organs such as the spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus glands.
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Lymphatic |
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This system exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and blood. It is composed of organs such as the lungs, trachea, larynx, and diaphragm.
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Respiratory
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This system changes food into simple chemicals that can be absorbed and used in the body. This organ system includes the stomach, colon, liver, and pancreas.
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Digestive
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This system removes waste products from the blood and regulates volume/pH of blood and tissue fluid. This organ system includes the kidneys, urinary bladder, and urethra.
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Urinary
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This system is composed of specific organs based on one’s gender. In females, it includes the ovaries and uterus; in males, the testes and prostate gland.
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Reproduction
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Comes from a Greek word meaning change and represents all chemical reactions and physical processes that take place within the body.
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Metabolism
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The speed at which the body produces energy and heat. Also used to refer to the energy production per unit of time.
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Metabolic Rate.
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This reflects the body’s ability to maintain a relatively stable metabolism.
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Homeostasis
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A scenario in which a body’s response reverses stimuli to keep some aspects of the body metabolism within its normal range (i.e. rising body temperature increases sweat to cool down the body)
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Negative Feedback Mechanism |
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When the body’s response promotes the continuation of a stimuli and requires an external “brake” to interrupt it (i.e. blood clotting)
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Positive Feedback Mechanism |
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Antebrachial
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forearm
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Antecubital
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front of elbow
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Axillary
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Armpit
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Brachial
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Upper Arm
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Buccal
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Mouth
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Cardiac
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Heart
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Cervical
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Neck
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Cranial
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Head
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Cutaneous
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Skin
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Deltoids
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Shoulder
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Femoral
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Thigh
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Frontal
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Forearm
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Gastric
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Stomach
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Gluteal
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Buttocks
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Hepatic
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Liver
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Iliac
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Hip
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Inguinal
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Groin |
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Lumbar
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Small of Back
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Mammary
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breast
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Nasal
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Nose
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Occipital
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Back of Head |
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Orbital
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Eye
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Parietal
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Crown of Had
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Patellar
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Kneecap |
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Pectoral
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Chest
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Pedal
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Foot
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Perineal
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Pelvic Floor
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Plantar
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Sole of Foot
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Popliteal
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Back of Knee
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Pulmonary
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Lungs
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Renal
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Kidney
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Sacral
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Base of Spine
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Scapular
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Shoulder Blade
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Sternal
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Breastbone
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Temporal
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Side of Head
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Umbilical
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Navel
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Volar (Palmar)
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Palm
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The _________ position is always assumed when describing locations of the body
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Anatomic
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The two major cavities of the body. The ________ cavity is posterior while the ________cavity is to be anterior.
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Dorsal, Ventral
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This posterior cavity contains the central nervous system and consists of the cranial cavity and the vertebral or spinal cavity.
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Dorsal
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The Dorsal cavity is continuous. This means what?
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It is continuous and has no walls or boundary to separate its subdivisions.
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The __________ cavity is formed by the skull and contains the brain.
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Cranial
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The ____________ cavity is formed by the backbone and contains the spinal cord.
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Spinal
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What are the membranes that line the Cranial and Spinal Cavities in addition to covering the brain and spinal cord?
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Meninges
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above, or higher
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Superior
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below, or lower
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Inferior
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towards the front
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Anterior
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towards the back
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Posterior
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towards the front
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Ventral
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towards the back
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Dorsal
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towards the midline
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Medial
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away from the midline
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Lateral |
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within, or interior to
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Internal
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outside, or exterior to
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External
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towards the surface
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Superficial |
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within, or interior to
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Deep |
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the main part
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Central |
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extending from the main part
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Peripheral
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closer to the origin
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Proximal |
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farther from the origin
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Distal |
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pertaining to the wall of a cavity
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Parietal
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pertaining to the organs within a cavity
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Visceral
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This main cavity consists of two main compartments: the thoracic and abdominal, separated by the diaphragm.
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Ventral
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This cavity can either be considered a subdivision of the abdominal cavity or a separate cavity altogether.
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Pelvic
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Organs in this cavity include the heart and lungs.
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Thoracic
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The serous membranes of the thoracic cavity are called _______________.
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Pleural Membranes
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The serous membranes covering the heart are known as ______________.
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Pericardial Membranes
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Organs in this cavity include the liver, stomach, and intestines.
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Abdominal. |
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This serous membrane lines the entire wall of the abdominal cavity.
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Peritoneum
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This serous membrane is the continuation of the peritoneum and covers the outer surface of the abdominal organs. |
Mesentery |
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This cavity is inferior to the abdominal cavity and houses the reproductive organs. |
Pelvic Cavity |
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A vertical plane running front to back that separates the body into EQUAL right and left portions.
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Midsagittal |
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A plane along the long axis of an organ
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Longitudinal |
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A plane perpendicular to the long axis of an organ
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Cross-Section |
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A ___________ plane and a _______________ plane cross at the umbilicus and divide the abdomen into four quadrants. This is the division most frequently used by health professionals.
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Transverse, Midsagittal |
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What are the four quadrants of the abdomen created by a transverse and sagittal plane intersecting at the umbilicus?
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Right Upper, Left Upper, Right Lower, Left Lower
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Two transverse planes and two sagittal planes divide the abdomen into nine areas. Name these nine areas
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Right Hypochondriac Region, Epigastric Region, Left Hypochondriac Region, Right Lumbar Region, Umbilical Region, Left Lumbar Region, Right Iliac Region, Hypogastric Region, and Left Iliac Region. |
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Sheets of connective tissue covering surfaces, or acting as a boundary or separation |
Membranes
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This membrane lines closed body cavities such as pleural membrane covering lungs, pericardial heart muscle, and mesentery covering abdominal organs
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Serous
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This membrane lines areas open to the environment such as the respiratory system
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Mucous
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Cover brain and spinal cord, contain cerebrospinal fluid
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Meninges
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Covers bone
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Periosteum
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Covers cartilage
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Perichondrium
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Lines joint cavities, secretes synovial fluid for lubrication
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Synovial
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Between skin and muscle includes adipose tissue
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Superficial fascia
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Covers skeletal muscle
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Deep fascia
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Divides the body into front and back
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Frontal (Coronal) Section
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Vertical plane or line dividing the body into right and left parts (not necessarily equal)
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Sagittal
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Divides the body into equal right and left |
Midsagittal or Median |
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A horizontal plane separating the body into upper and lower portions
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Transverse or Horizontal
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The ___________ Nervous System includes the Brain and Spinal Cord
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Central
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The ___________ Nervous System consists of nerves (cranial, spinal, and autonomic)
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Peripheral |
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Which muscle type is classified as voluntary?
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Skeletal |
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Which muscle type is involuntary? |
Smooth |
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A group of cells with similar structure and function
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tissue
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The four major groups of tissue
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epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve |
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True or False: An organ is composed of only 1 tissue type
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FALSE: an organ may (and many do) contain tissues from all four groups
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This type of tissue contains no capillaries; therefore, it relies on blood for oxygen and nutrients
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Epithelial
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Epithelial tissue capable of secretion
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Glands or Glandular Epithelium
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Classification of epithelial tissue is based on the type of cell of which the tissue is made its characteristic shape, and the number of layers of the cells. The three distinctive cell shapes are:
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Squamous, cuboidal, and columnar
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The term for a single layer of cells
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Simple
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The term for many layers of cells
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Stratified
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A type of epithelial tissue composed of a single layer of flat cells that is very thin and very smooth. It makes up the aveoli of the lungs, capillaries, and is a key element of the diffusion of gases.
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Simple Squamous
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A type of epithelial tissue characterized by many layers of flat cells. It makes up the epidermis of the skin where it is keratinized, the oral cavity where it is non-keratinized, and the mucous membranes of the vagina
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Stratified Squamous
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A type of stratified epithelium in which the surface cells change shape from round to squamous. It lines the bladder and allows it to stretch as it fills without tearing
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Transitional
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Type of epithelial tissue composed of one layer of cube-shaped cells (Thyroid gland, Salivary gland, Kidney Tubules)
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Cuboidal
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Type of epithelial tissue composed of one layer of column-shaped cells (Lining of stomach, lining of small intestines)
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Columnar
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Type of epithelial tissue composed of one layer of columnar-cells with cilia on their free surface (Lining of Trachea, Lining of Fallopian Tube)
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Ciliated
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Cells or organs that are multicellular or unicellular and are responsible for some form of secretion
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Glands
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This kind of gland is characterized by the inclusion of ducts responsible for carrying secretion away from the gland and to the site of function (example: Salivary, Gastric, and Sweat glands)
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Exocrine Glands
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These glands are ductless and are responsible for the secretion of hormones carried by capillaries to the rest of the body (Examples: Pituitary and Thyroid Gland)
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Endocrine Glands
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This organ is both an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland
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The Pancreas
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The _________ is a structural network or solution of non-living intercellular material and is specific to the connective tissue it is associated with
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Matrix
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Name the connective tissue: Plasma matrix (Location: Blood Vessels)
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Blood |
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Name the connective tissue: Fibroblasts and a matrix of tissue fluid, collagen, and elastin fibers (Location: Subcutaneous, Mucous Membranes)
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Areolar
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Name the connective tissue: Adipocytes that store fat (little matrix) (Location: Around the Eyes and Kidneys, Brown Fat in Infants)
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Adipose
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Name the connective tissue: Mostly collagen fibers (matrix) and few fibroblasts (Location: Tendons and Ligaments (regular); Dermis (irregular))
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Fibrous
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Name the connective tissue: Mostly elastin fibers (matrix) with few fibroblasts (Location: Walls of large arteries)
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Elastic |
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Name the connective tissue: Osteocytes in a matrix of calcium salts and collagen (Location: Bones)
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Bone
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Name the connective tissue: Chondrocytes in a flexible protein matrix (Location: Walls of Trachea, on joint surfaces of bones, tip of nose and outer ear)
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Cartilage
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52% to 62% of the total blood volume in the body is composed of this
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Plasma
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What is another name for blood-forming tissue responsible for producing red blood cells from stem cells?
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Hemopoietic Tissue
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Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes are the 5 types of what?
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White Blood Cells
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These WBCs mature and divide in Lymphatic Tissue
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Lymphocytes
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_______________ make up 38%-48% of the total blood volume in the body
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Blood Cells
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These blood cells carry oxygen that is bonded to iron in their hemoglobin
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RBC
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These blood cells destroy pathogens byway of phagocytosis, the production of antibodies, other chemical methods, and provide us with immunity to some diseases
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WBC
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These cells prevent blood loss and are an integral part of the blood clotting process
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Platelets |