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30 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

What is an organism that is too small to be seen clearly with the naked eye?

microorganism

What is often unicellular, or if multicellular, does not exhibit a high degree of differentiation?

microorganisms

What size are microorganisms generally?

1 mm or less in diameter

What are often colonial, consisting of small aggregations of cells?

macroscopic (able to be seen) microbes

What five kingdoms were organisms divided into?

Monera (prokaryotes)


Protista


Fungi


Animalia


Plantae

What replaced the five-kingdom system?

three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Why are bacteria of the phylum Planctomycetes unusual?

genetic material surrounded by a membrane

What is the totality of microorganisms and microbial genomes that constitute a host's normal microbiota?

microbiome

What body system do microbes contribute to the development of as they establish themselves?

immune system

What are three ways Archaea are distinguished from bacteria?

distinctive rRNA sequences


lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls


unique membrane lipids

What microorganisms are Eukarya?

protists and fungi

What are unicellular and sometimes colonial eukaryotic organisms that lack cellular differentiation into tissues?

protists

What are many chemoorganotrophic protists referred to as?

protozoa

What are many phototrophic protists referred to as?
algae

What are generally unicellular but larger than most bacteria and archaea?

protists

What virus particles are composed only of proteins and a nucleic acid and can be extremely small?

virions

How old is our planet according to dating meteorites through the use of radioisotopes?

4.5-4.6 billion years old

What are three attributes of life?

orderly structure (cells)


metabolism (obtain and use energy)


reproduction

What are the two major roles of proteins in modern cells?
structural

catalytic

What domain was LUCA?

Bacteria

What is the endosymbiotic hypothesis?

Mitochondria, and related organelles, and chloroplasts arose from bacterial endosymbionts of ancestral eukaryotic cells.

What is an interaction between two organisms in which one organism lives inside the other?

endosymbiosis

What consists of the descendants of a single, pure microbial culture?

strain

Who is considered the inventor of the microscope?

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

What is spontaneous generation?

theory that organisms could develop from nonliving matter

What is the idea that microorganisms cause disease? When did support for it start to accumulate?

germ theory of disease


19th century

Who, impressed with Pasteur's studies on fermentation and putrefaction, developed a system of antiseptic surgery designed to prevent microorganisms from entering wounds?

Joseph Lister

Who first demonstrated that bacteria cause disease?

Robert Koch

What are a set of rules for proving that a microorganism causes a particular disease?

Koch's postulates (know these!)

What is the role of membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotic cells?

separate some cellular materials and processes from others