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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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M____________ are entities that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye. Examples are bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi, algae, and the larvae of helminths |
Microorganisms |
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Most microbes are either h____________ or b_________ to humans |
harmless; beneficial |
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P______________ microbes cause disease |
Pathogenic |
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Microorganisms are Beneficial D__________ organic waste Are p_______________ of oxygen by photosynthesis Provide a food source for many other organisms Produce industrial chemicals such as ethyl alcohol, acetone, and e_________ used in cleaners |
Decompose producers enzymes |
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Produce f___________ foods such as vinegar Produce a_______________ and v_________ Grow both inside and on the human body and help promote r_______________ to disease |
fermented;antibiotics;vaccines;resistance |
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Naming and Classifying Microorganisms L_____________ established the system of scientific nomenclature |
Linnaeus |
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Each organism had two names: the g_________; s__________ e__________ (s____________) |
genus; specific epithet (species) |
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Staphylococcus aureus and Esherichia coli are examples of bacterial species Most bacterial species contian subspecies or s____________ which are variations within a species |
serotypes |
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Classifications of Microorganisms Three domains E___________; A___________; E____________ |
Eubacteria; Archaea; Eukaryotes |
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E____________ (p____________-n_____ true n_________) |
Eubacteria;prokaryotes no; nucleus |
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Also known as true bacteria |
Eubacteria |
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A_____________(p______________) |
Archaea; prokaryotes |
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Domain of microogrganisms with a true nucleus |
Eukaryotes |
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Examples of Eukaryotes Protists F_________ Plants A_________ |
Fungi Animals |
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Bacteria P______________ U______________ Reproduce by b_________ f___________ (asexual) Extremely diverse For energy they may use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or ___________________ depending ont he species |
Prokaryotes; unicellular; binary fusion; photosythensis |
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P_____________ is found in bacteria's cell wall |
Peptidoglycan |
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Archea P__________ similar to bacteria U___________ Lack peptidoglycan Usually live in e__________ environments Have n______ c___________ in strucutre and physiology for centuries |
Prokaryotes Unicellular extreme not changed |
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Fungi E_____________ C_________ cell walls Use o_________ chemicals for e________ (not p_________) |
Eukaryotes Chitin organic;energy;photosynthetic |
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Fungi Larger than bacteria, some reproduce s________ Many produce reproductive structures like mushrooms and sporangia M________ are m__________; y__________ are u____________ |
sexually Molds; multicellular Yeast; unicellular |
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Protozoa E____________ A________ or ingest o_________ chemicals (many feed on b__________) Very few species are p____________ |
Eukaryotes Absorb; organic; bacteria photosynthetic
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Protozoa Some are serious p__________ in humans
Mostly u__________ and mobile via pseudopods, c_______, or f________ |
parasites;unicellular;cilia; flagella |
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Algae E___________ C__________ cell walls U___________ and m____________ forms are usually found in all a____________ systems |
Eukaryotes Cellulose Aquatic systems Unicellular; multicellular;aquatic systems |
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Algae Use p__________ for energy (like terrestrial plants) Produce m___________ o__________ and organic compounds Are a food source for many organisms (p__________________) |
photosynthesis molecular oxygen phytoplankton |
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Viruses A_________ (non-___________) Consist of DNA ____ RNA core Viruses are replicated only when they're in a living host cell Obligate i________________ parasites |
Acellular (nonliving); or; intracellular |
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Multicellular Animal Parasites-Helminths Eukaryotes Multicellular animals-m______ n______ p________ Some parasitics species are tapeworms, flukes, and roundworms |
most; not;parasitic |
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Multicellular Animal Parasites-Helmiths Microscopic stages exist in their complex life cycles The eggs or larvae of many species can contaminate m__________ products and s________ |
meat;seafood |
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A Brief History of Microbiology Ancestors of bacteria were the f_____ life on Earth. The first microbes were observed in the ________s. |
first 1600s |
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Reported that living things were composed of little boxes or cells |
Robert Hooke |
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Year Robert hook discovered cells |
1665 |
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Theory that states all living thigns are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells |
Cell Theory |
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Observed and described living microorganisms first by observing teeth scrapings, rain water, and peppercorn infusions |
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek |
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Years considered to be the Golden Age of Microbiology |
1857-1914 |
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Called the "Father of Microbiology" |
Pasteur |
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Louis P_________ demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air with his ___-shaped flask and disproved s____________ generation |
Pasteur; S; spontaneous |
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P________ showed that microbes are responsible for f_____________. Also showed that microbial growth is also responsible for s_________ of f________. Also demonstrated that these spoilage bacteria could be killed by heat that was not hot enough to evaporate the alcohol in wine (p_______________) |
Pasteur; fermentation spoilage;food pasteurization |
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The Germ Theory of Disease Prior to the early 1800 most believed that human disease originated from s______ or e_______ of weather |
spirits;elements |
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Advocated hand-wishing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one OB patient to another |
Ignaz Semmelwise |
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Used a chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infections |
Joseph Lister |
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Robert K_______ Provided proof that a bacterium, Bacillus anthracis, causes anthrax, and developed k________ postulates, which are used to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease in mammals |
Kock,kock |
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Vaccination E_________ J_________ noticed that milkmaids never contracted smallpox he believed due to their exposure to cowpox (similar virus common in cattle) He inoculated a person with cowpox virus to protect them (immunize) from smallpox virus |
Edward Jennner |
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The treatment with chemicals |
Chemotherapy |
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The Birth of Modern Chemotherapy A____________ are chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes |
Antibiotics |
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P_________ E________ developed a synthetic arsenic drug, s__________, to treat syphilis. |
Paul Ehrlich, salvarsan |
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In the year __________, S________________ were synthesized and are still common prescribes as "sulfa-drugs" |
1930s, sulfonamides |
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A_____________ F___________ discovered the first antibiotic by accident |
Alexander Flemming |
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F_______ observed that Penicillium fungus that contaminated his bacterial plates made an antibiotic, p_____________, that killed Staphylococus aureus bacteria |
Fleming; penicillin |
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The use of microbes to produce foods and chemicals |
Biotechnology
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Through g_________ e__________ bacteria and fungi can produce a variety of proteins including vaccines and enzymes |
genetic engineering |
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Missing or defective genes in human cells can be replaced in g________ t_________ (use of viruses to treat disease) Genetically modified bacteria are used to protect crops from i_________ and f__________ |
gene therapy insects;freezing |
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Infectious Diseases R_________ is the ability of the body to ward off disease When a pathogen overcomes the host's r__________ d_________ results |
Resistance Resistance;disease |
