Chapt. 1-4

Front 1

ANATOMY


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Back 1

SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINE OF STRUTURE

Front 2

PHYSIOLOGY


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Back 2

SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINE OF FUNCTION

Front 3

PATHOLOGY


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Back 3

MEDICAL SCIENCE OF DISEASE

Front 4

6 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION


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Back 4

1) CHEMICAL LEVEL
2) CELLULAR LEVEL
3) TISSUE LEVEL
4) ORGAN LEVEL
5) ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL
6) ORGANISM LEVEL

Front 5

CHEMICAL LEVEL


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Back 5

BUILDING BLOCKS OF ALL LIVING THINGS.
FORM & FUNCTION BEGIN AT THE ANATOMIC LEVEL

Front 6

CELLULAR LEVEL


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Back 6

CELLS ARE THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE

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ORGANELLES


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Back 7

ORGANS OF THE CELL

Front 8

CYTOLOGY


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Back 8

STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE OF A CELL

Front 9

CELL PHYSIOLOGY


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Back 9

PROCESSES OCCURING IN CELL

Front 10

TISSUE LEVEL


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Back 10

FOUR TYPES:
EPITHEIAL--CONNECTIVE--MUSCLE--NERVOUS

Front 11

HISTOLOGY


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Back 11

STRUCTURE OF TISSUES

Front 12

ORGAN LEVEL


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Back 12

STRUCTURES WITH SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS.
CONTAINS 2 OR MORE TISSUSE TYPES

Front 13

GROSS ANATOMY


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Back 13

STUDY OF STRUCTURES WITH THE NAKED EYE

Front 14

SURFACE ANATOMY


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Back 14

CAN BE SEEN OR OUTLINE PAPATED

Front 15

ORGAN SYSTEM


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Back 15

11 SYSTEMS
GROUPS OF ORGANS WITH COMMON FUNCTIONS

Front 16

SYSTEMIC ANATOMY


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Back 16

STUDY OF BODY SYSTEM BY SYSTEM

Front 17

NEUROPHYSIOLOGY


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Back 17

FOCUS ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Front 18

EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY


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Back 18

CHANGES IN STRUCTURE & FUNCTION WITH EXERCISE

Front 19

ORGANISM LEVEL


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Back 19

GROUPS OF ORGAN SYSTEMS
ANY LIVING BEING CONSIDERED A WHOLE

Front 20

HOMEOSTASIS


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Back 20

MAINTAINING A CONSTANT, STABLE ENVIROMENT IN THE BODY

Front 21

SET POINT


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Back 21

AN IDEAL NORMAL VALUE

Front 22

NORMAL RANGE


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Back 22

SAFE, ACCEPTABLE DEVIATION FROM SET POINT

Front 23

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM


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Back 23

BODY TRIES TO DECREASE DEVIATION FROM THE NORMAL

Front 24

CONTROL CENTER


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Back 24

DETERMINES SET POINT, GIVES ORDERS FOR CHANGE

Front 25

RECEPTOR


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Back 25

MONITORS THE VAULE OF A VARIBLE- HALL MONITOR

Front 26

EFFECTOR


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Back 26

PROCESSE THAT RESTORES SET POINT. INFORMATION IS SENT FOR REACTION

Front 27

STIMULUS


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Back 27

FACTORS WHICH THROW SYSTEM OUT OF BALANCE

Front 28

POSITIVE FEEDBACK


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Back 28

MECHANISM MAKES THE DEVIATION WORSE
EXAMPLE-LABOR AND DELIVERY

Front 29

ANATOMIC POSITION


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Back 29

STANDING
ARMS HANGING AT SIDE
PALMS FACING FORWARD

Front 30

SUPINE


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Back 30

LYING FACE UP

Front 31

PRONE


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Back 31

LYING FACE DOWN

Front 32

INFERIOR


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Back 32

TOWARD TAIL, FEET

Front 33

SUPERIOR


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Back 33

TOWARDS THE HEAD

Front 34

ANTERIOR


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Back 34

FRONT OF BODY

Front 35

POSTERIOR


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Back 35

BACK OF BODY

Front 36

CEPHALIC


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Back 36

TOWARDS THE HEAD

Front 37

CAUDAL


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Back 37

TOWARDS THE TAIL(REGARDLESS OF BODY POSTION)

Front 38

DORSAL


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Back 38

TOWARDS THE BACK

Front 39

VENTRAL


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Back 39

TOWARDS THE BELLY

Front 40

MEDIAL


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Back 40

TOWARDS THE MIDLINE

Front 41

LATERAL


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Back 41

AWAY FROM MIDLINE ( SIDE)

Front 42

PROXIMAL


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Back 42

NEAREST TO ORGIN

Front 43

DISTAL


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Back 43

FARTHEST FROM ORGIN

Front 44

SUPERFICIAL


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Back 44

NEAR THE SURFACE

Front 45

DEEP


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Back 45

DEPP TO SURFACE

Front 46

ARM
FOREARM

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Back 46

SHOULDER TO ELBOW
ELBOW TO HAND

UE=ALL

Front 47

THIGH
LEG

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Back 47

HIP TO KNEE
KNEE TO ANKLE

LE= ALL

Front 48

CEPHALIC

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Back 48

FRONTAL=FOREHEAD
ORBITAL= EYE
NASAL= NOSE
OTIC= EAR
BUCCAL= CHEEK
ORAL= MOUTH
MENTAL= CHIN

Front 49

CRANIAL


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Back 49

SKULL
OCCIPITAL= BASE OF SKULL
NUCHAL= BACK OF NECK

Front 50

TRUNK


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Back 50

THORACIC= THORAX
CLAVICULAR= COLLARBONE
PECTORAL= CHEST
STERNAL= BREASTBONE
MAMMARY= BREAST

Front 51

TRUNK


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Back 51

SCAPULAR= SHOULDER BLADE
VERTEBRAL= SPINAL COLUMN
LUMBAR= LOIN
SACRAL = BETWEEN HIPS
GLUTEL= BUTTOCK
PERINAL= PERINEAL

Front 52

TRUNK


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Back 52

ABDOMINAL= ABDOMEN
UMBILICAL= NAVEL
PELVIC= PELVIS
INGUINAL=GROIN
PUBIC= GENTIAL

Front 53

UE=ALL


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Back 53

ACROMIAL=POINT OF SHLDR
AXILLARY=ARMPIT
BRACHIAL= ARM
CUBITAL=ELBOW
ANTECUBIAL= ANT ELBOW
OLECRANON=POST ELBOW
MANUAL= HAND
CARPAL= WRIST
PALMAR= PALM
DORSUM= POST HAND
DIGITAL= FINGERS, TOES

Front 54

LE=ALL


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Back 54

COXAL=HIP
FEMORAL= THIGH
PATELLAR= KNEECAP
GENICULATE= POST KNEE
CRURAL= LEG
SURAL=CALF
TALUS= ANKLE
PEDAL=FOOT
DORSUM SUP FOOT=INSTEP
PLANTER= INF FOOT
CALCANEAL=HEEL
DIGITAL= TOES, FINGERS

Front 55

BODY PLANES


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Back 55

SAGITTAL= SEPARTES L/R HALVES
MEDIAN=MIDSAGITTAL= SPECIFIC TRUNK INTO L/R
TRANSVERSE=SUPERIOR/INFERIOR
FRONTAL= ANTERIOR/POSTERIOR

Front 56

MRI


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Back 56

LONGITUDINAL= THROUGH THE LONG AXIS OF ORGAN
CROSS-SECTION= AT RIGHT ANKLE TO LONG AXIS(AKA-TRANSVERSE)
OBLIQUE= CROSS SECTION AT AN ANGLE

Front 57

BODY CAVAITIES


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Back 57

THORACIC=INSIDE RIB CAGE
MEDIASTINUM= IN BETWEEN LUNGS
ABDOMINAL=INFR TO DIAPHRAGM
PELVIC=NO SUP BORDER( AKA-ABDOMINOPELVIC)

Front 58

QUADRANTS


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Back 58

RIGHT UPPER-RIGHT LOWER
LEFT UPPER - LEFT LOWER

Front 59

REGIONS


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Back 59

RIGHT HYPOCHONDRIAC=R.KIDNEY, R. KIDNEY
RIGHT LUMBAR= GALLBLADDER, ASC COLON
RIGHT ILIAC= CECUM,APPENDIX
EPIGASTRIC=ESOPH,L. LIVER, DUODENUM, PANCR HEAD, STOMACH

Front 60

REGIONS


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Back 60

UMBILICAL=TRANS COLON, SMALL INTEST,ABDOM AORTA,INF VENA CAVA,URETER
HYPOGASTRIC= RECTUM,BLADDER
LEFT HYPOCHONDRIAC= SPLEEN, PANCR TAIL,L. KINDEY
LEFT LUMBAR= DESC COLON
LEFT ILIAC=

Front 61

SEROUS MEMBRANES


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Back 61

2-LAYER BARRIER BETWEEN ORGANS AND WALLS OF BODY CAVITIES. FLUID BETWEEN IS SLICK, LUBRICATING-PREVENTS FRICTION

Front 62

VISCERAL SEROUS MEMBRANE
PARIETAL SEROUS MEMBRANE

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Back 62

INNER-SURROUNDS ORGANS
OUTER- LINES CAVITY WALL

Front 63

HEART-VISCERAL PERICARDIUM
PARIETAL PERICARDIUM
PERICARDIAL CAVITY
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Back 63

MEMBRANE COVERS THE HEART
MEMBRANE LINES BODY WALL
SMALL SPACE BETWEEN THE 2 FILLED WITH LUBRICATION

Front 64

LUNGS-VISCERAL PLEURA
PARIETAL PLEURA
PLEURAL CAVITY
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Back 64

MEMBRANE COVERS LUNG
LINES BODY WALL
SMALL SPACE FILLED WITH LUBRICATION

Front 65

ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY-
VISCERAL PERITONEUM
PARIETAL PERITONEUM
PERITONEAL CAVITY

Back 65

COVERS ORGANS
LINES BODY WALL
SMALL SPACE FILLED WITH LUBRICATION

Front 66

MESENTERIES


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Back 66

2 LAYERS OF PERITONEUM FUSED TOGETHER- ANCHORS ORGANS TO ORGANS OR BODY WALL

Front 67

RETROPERITONEAL ORGANS


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Back 67

KIDNEYS,ADRENAL GLANDS,PANCREAS, URINARY BLADDER, PARTS OF INTESTINES

Front 68

PH


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Back 68

THE HYDROGEN CONCENTRATION IN A SOLUATION
NEUTRAL=7
ACIDIC=GREATER THAN 7
ALKALINE= LESS THAN 7

Front 69

NORMAL HUMAN BLOOD PH
ACIDOSIS
ALKALOSIS


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Back 69

7.35 TO 7.45
BLOOD DROPS BELOW 7.35
BLOOD PH ABOVE 7.45

Front 70

OSMOSIS


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Back 70

DIFFUSION OF SOLVENT ACROSS A SELECTIVELY PERMBLE MEMBRANE

Front 71

OSMOTIC PRESSURE

ISOTONIC
HYPERTONIC
HYPOTONIC


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Back 71

FORCE REQUIRED TO PREVENT MOVEMENT OF WATER
CELL NEITHER SHRINKS OR SWELLS
CELL LOSSES WATER& SHRINKS
CELL TAKES IN WATER&SWELLS

Front 72

3 EMBROYONIC GERM LAYERS


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Back 72

ECTODERM=OUTER LAYER
ENDODERM= INNER LAYER
MESODERM= MIDDLE LAYER

Front 73

FUNCTIONS OF EPITHELIA


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Back 73

PROTECTION
BARRIER
FILTER
SECRETATION
ABSORPTION

Front 74

EPITHELIAL BORDERS


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Back 74

APICAL SURFACE-SKIN OPEN TO ENVIROMENT
LATERAL SURFACE-SIDES OF TISSUSE
BASAL SURFACE- ABOVE THE BASEMENT
BASEMENT- UNDER SIDE OF TISSUE

Front 75

LAYERS OF EPITHELIUM


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Back 75

SIMPLE-SINGLE LAYER
STRATIFIED-MORE THAN ONE LAYER
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR- MODIFIED SIMPLE
TRANSITIONAL-MODIFIED STRATIFIED

Front 76

SHAPE OF EPITHELIUM


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Back 76

SQUAMOUS-SCALELIKE-FLAT
CUBOIDAL-CUBE-SHAPED
COLUMNAR-TALLER THAN THEY ARE WIDE

Front 77

2 MORE DISTINCTIONS OF STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS

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Back 77

NONKERATINIZED-MOIST & FLUID = MOUTH,RECTUM,VAGINA
KERATINIZED-DRY= SKIN

Front 78

APICAL SURFACES DESCRIPTION


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Back 78

SMOOTH- REDUCES FRITION-SEROUS MEMBRANES AND LINING OF BLOOD VESSELS
MICROVILLI- INCREASES SURFACE AREA;ABSORB7SECRETE=DIGESTIVE TRACT
STEREOCILIA-ELONGATED MICROVILIA= INNER EAR " HAIR CELLS"
CILIA- MICROTUBLES FOR MOVEMENT=MUCOUS,UTERINE TUBES

Front 79

LATERAL & BASILAR DESCRIPTION


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Back 79

PERMABLE BARRIER
INTERCELLULAR COMMUNACATION
MECHANICALLY BIND CELLS TOGETHER

Front 80

GLANDS
EXOCRINE
ENDOCRINE
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Back 80

ORGANS THAT SECRETE SUBSTANCES
GLANDS WITH DUCTS
GLANDS WITHOUT DUCTS

Front 81

CONNECTIVE TISSUSE
6 TYPES

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Back 81

MAKES UP PART OF EVERY ORGAN IN BODY
1) LOOSE
2) DENSE REGULAR& IRREGULAR
3) SPECIAL PROPERTIES
4) CARTILAGE
5) BONE
6) BLOOD

Front 82

FUNCTIONS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE


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Back 82

ENCLOSING& SEPARTING
CONNECTING TISSUES TO EACH OTHER
STORAGE
CUSHION& INSULATION

Front 83

SPECIALIZED CELLS BY SUFFIX


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Back 83

BLAST= CREATE
CYTES= MAINTAIN
CLASTS= BREAK DOWN

Front 84

EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX


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Back 84

PROTEIN FIBERS- ALLOWS CONNECTIVE TISSUES TO PREFORM ITS SPECFIC FUNCTIONS

Front 85

NAME 3 EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX FIBERS

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Back 85

COLLAGEN = STRONG,FLEXIBLE, INELASTIC-TENDONS,LIGAMENTS
RETICULAR= FINE COLLAGEN, SPACE FILLERS
ELASTIC= ABILITY TO STRETCH& RETURN-EPITHELAL

Front 86

LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
DESCRIPTION

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Back 86

AKA-AREOLAR
ATTACHS SKIN TO UNDERLYING TISSUE
MEDIUM BETWEEN STRUCTURE7 DEEP STRUCTURE
COLLAGEN,RETICULAR,ELASTIC FIBERS

Front 87

MAST CELLS


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Back 87

CONTAINS HEPARIN,HISTAMINE,PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES
PLAY A ROLE IN INJURY,INFECTION,INFLAMMATION

Front 88

DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE
DESCRIPTION

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Back 88

FILLING ALMOST ALL EXTRACELLULAR SPACE
COLLAGENOUS&ELASTIC

Front 89

DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE
DESCRIPTION

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Back 89

RADOMLY ORIENTED FIBERS, ALTERNATING LAYERS PROVIDES STRENGTH WITH FLEXIBLITY

Front 90

CONNECTIVE TISSUE WITH SPECIAL PROPERTIES

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Back 90

ADIPOSE-FAT( WARMTH,PROTECTION,ENERGY STORAGE)
RETICULAR-IRREGULAR (SPLEEN,LYMPH,CARTILAGE)

Front 91

CARTILAGE


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Back 91

FORMS FROM ITSELF FROM CHONDOCYTES
EXTENSIVE AND RIGID MATRIX
FIRM BUT FLEXIBLE

Front 92

LACUNA


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Back 92

SPACES WHERE CHONDOCYTES RESIDE

Front 93

NAME THREE TYPES OF CARTILAGE & THEIR LOCATIONS

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Back 93

HYALINE-IN THE JOINTS
FIBROCARTILAGE-INTERVERTEBRAL DISK
ELASTIC- EXTERNAL EAR, EPIGLOTTIS

Front 94

NAME TWO WAYS CARTILAGE GROWS


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Back 94

APPOSTIONAL= ADDED TO THE SURFACE OF CARTILAGE
INTERSTITAL= FORMED WITHIN THE CARTILAGE

Front 95

BONE


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Back 95

HARD,ALIVE;MINERALIZED

Front 96

NAME TWO TYPES OF BONE


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Back 96

CANCELLOUS BONE-AKA-SPONY
COMPACT BONE

Front 97

CANCELLOUS BONE


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Back 97

LAYERED NETWORK CALLED TRABECULAE, SPACES BETWEEN TRABECULAE CONTAIN BONE MARROW FOR BLOOD FORMATION
EX.-INTERIOR SKULL,VERTEBRAE,PELVIS

Front 98

COMPACT BONE


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Back 98

ALMOST NO SPACE BETWEEN THIN LAYERS CALLED LAMELLAE
EX.- SHAFTS OF LONG-BONES; SURFACE OF ALL BONES

Front 99

TWO TYPES OF BONE MARROW


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Back 99

RED=PRODUCES RED& WHITE BLOOD CELLS
YELLOW= DOESN'T PRODUCE BLOOD- YELLOW ADIPOSE

Front 100

HEMOPOIETIC TISSUE


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Back 100

ANOTHER NAME FOR BONE MARROW

Front 101

MUSCLE TISSUSE


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Back 101

CONTAINS THE ABILITY TO CONTRACT OR SHORTEN MOVEMENT OF THE BODY AS WELL AS MOVEMENT. 40% OF BODY WEIGHT

Front 102

NAME THREE TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE-TYPE OF CONTROL- APPERANCE
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Back 102

SKELETAL=VOLUNTARY CONTROL-STRIATED
CARDIAC-HEART-INVOLUNTARY- CYLINDRICAL STRIATED
SMOOTH-INVOLUNTARY-NO STRIATIONS-WALLS OF HOLLOW ORGANS

Front 103

NERVOUS TISSUE


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Back 103

2 SYSTEMS-CNS=BRAIN& SPINAL CORD
PNS= PERIPHERAL NERVES

Front 104

NEURONS DESCRIPTION


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Back 104

CELL BODY=NUCLEUS&CELL FUNCTIONS
DENDRITES=RECIEVE ACTION POTENTIAL
AXON= CONDUCT ACTION POTENIAL TOWARDS NEXT NEURON

Front 105

NEUROGLIA


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Back 105

SUPPORTS CELLS CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
PROVIDES FOOD,PROTECTION,INSULATION

Front 106

NAME THREE TYPES OF MEMBRANES


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Back 106

MUCOUS-EPITHELIAL, LOOSE CONNECTIVE
SYNOVIAL-LUBRICATION&NUTRITION
SEROUS-LINES CAVITIES

Front 107

MUCOUS MEMBRANE

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Back 107

EPITHEIAL, LAMINA PROPRIA ( LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE) SECRETE MUCOUS
RESPIRATORY-REMOVES DUST
DIGESTIVE-EXCRETION
REPRODUCTIVE-LUBRICATION

Front 108

SYNOVIAL MEMBRANES


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Back 108

COMBO DENSE CONNECTIVE,ARELAR,ADIPOSE
LINE JOINTS-LUBRICATION & NUTRITION
JOINT CARTILAGE- GREASED ICE
LIKE WD40 FOR THE BODY

Front 109

SEROUS MEMBRANES


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Back 109

LINE CAVITIES, PREVENTS FRICTION