Chapell Meeks 3 D Church History Definitions

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Scholasticism

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The system and method of learning for philosophy and theology during the medieval period as developed
in European university contexts.

It relied on philosophical methods and the use of reason to make clear
divisions and distinctions within a body of knowledge.

The system flourished from the 11 th-14th centuries.

Notable Scholastics:
Thomas Aquinas
Peter Abelard
Anselm of Canterbury
Peter Lombard
Duns Scotus.

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Babylonian Captivity

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Also known as the Avignon schism.

Period in the 14th century when popes lived in Avignon, France,due to the political situation.

ALSO... The term, which referred to the Jews' captivity in Babylon (586 BC), was used by Luther in the 16th century to describe the Roman Catholic Church's "captivity" to the papacy and need for gospel liberation.

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Humanism

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An intellectual movement in 14th-16th century Europe in which man was the measure of all things.

Humanism sought to base education on the Greek and Latin classics, interpreted from within a Christian context.

Theologically, the term indicates the high value that Christianity places on humans as created and
redeemed by God.

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Radical Reformation

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The "left" of "third" wind of the Protestant Reformation that describes those who sought a radical approach, a return to early Christian precedents for the nature and government of the church, rejecting
national or state churches.

Among others it included the Anabaptists such as the Mennonites and the
Amish.

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Puritanism

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16th and 17th century Protestant religious movement that sought to "purify" the Church of England in more Reformed Protestant directions.

The movement was Calvinistic in theology -and Presbyterian or Congregational in church government.

The church reform impulses were continued in America,
primarily in New England where it was a major cultural force.

Puritans stressed theology as leading to ethical action while ethics is grounded in true theology.

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Modernism

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A theological movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries among Protestants and Roman Catholics who sought to interpret Christianity in light of modern knowledge.

It sought to alter Christian
doctrine, which was seen as evolving and in need of being reshaped by modern knowledge.

It was condemned by Pope Pius X in 1907.

Notable Modernists: Schliermacher, Fosdick.

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Fundamentalism

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Term for evangelicalism in 20th century America that sought to preserve conservative Protestant views
and values fighting against liberal theology and the higher criticism of Scripture.

A strong focus on 5 "fundamentals" that could not be denied without falling into the error of liberalism:
1. The inerrancy of Scripture,
2. The deity of Jesus,
3. The Virgin birth,
4. Jesus’ death on the cross as a substitute for our sins,
5. Jesus’ physical resurrection and impending return.

A whole series of evangelical doctrines were published around 1909 under the title of The Fundamentals. The writers included such men as B.B. Warfield, H.C.G. Moule and James Orr.

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Neo-orthodoxy

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[20th century] (Karl Barth d. 1968)

Return to Christianity w/o having to be historically grounded.

Somewhat of a theological rediscovery of biblical doctrines, but with the modem naturalistic presuppositions.

A theological movement including Karl Barth, Emil Brunner, and others. It opposed liberal theology and higher criticism stressing the
reinterpretation of Reformation themes such as God's transcendence, human sinfulness, and the centrality
of Christ.

It was dominant in Europe and America after World War until the 1960's.

It was “new” in the sense that it continued to hold to much of the higher critical thought regarding the historicity of the
Christian faith, the inspiration of Scripture and other contemporary cultural, intellectual and theological
developments.

Also called Neo-Calvinism, Neo-Protestantism, and Neo-Reformation theology.

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Docetism

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Jesus wholly divine, manhood an illusion

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Arianism

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Jesus less than God, more than a man

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Dynamic Monarchianism

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Jesus a man who became God

The logos is consubstantial with the Father, but not a distinct person. He is existed in God as human reason exists in man.

The logos is an impersonal power, present in all men, especially active in Christ, to the point where Jesus became gradually deified.

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Modalistic Monarchianism

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(Sabellianism / Patripassianism)

One God as (by turns) Father, Son & Spirit.

Christ was a temporary "mode" of God.

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Apollinarianism

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Jesus fully God only partially man

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Nestorianism

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Jesus fully God and fully man - two persons

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Eutychianism

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Jesus manhood absorbed into his diety

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Monophysitism

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Jesus is God with human attributes

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Monothelitism

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Jesus is God and man - without a human will

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Gnosticism

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universe exists in the tension of a dualism of good and evil.

Supreme good God is unapproachable, interposes a long chain of aeons between himself and man.

The world not created by the good God since matter would defile him.

Creation a result of a fall in the plerome, the work of a possible hostile deity, the Demiurge, who was identified with the OT God.

Matter essentially evil, but a remnant of the pure spiritual world remained.

Christ was the way of deliverance from material to spiritual.

To have victory, one must be initiated through rites and the impartation of secret knowledge.

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Monasticism

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Believe that Christians ought to live separately from the world in a regenerated community in order to sanctify themselves.

Formulated by Benedict, upon whose ascetic rule the early monastic system was based.

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Montanism

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The last period of revelation began with the coming of the Paraclete.

The present age is one of spiritual gifts and prophecy.

End time is imminent.

Characterized by strict moral discipline, fasting, celibacy.

Unduly exalted martyrdom, forbidding flight from persecution