Chap 6: Tissues And Membranes

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Histology

Back 1

The study of tissues

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Tissues

Back 2

groups of cells that are similar to each other in structure and function

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Epithelial tissue

Back 3

(as called epithelium) forms large continuous sheets. Helps form the skin and the entire outer surface of the body. Lines most of the inner cavities (i.e mouth, reproductive tract and respiratory tract).

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Epithelial tissue function

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(1) protection, (2) absorption, (3), secretion, (4)filtration, and (5)transportation. *(PFAST)*

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Four Main Types of tissue

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(1)connective, (2)muscular, (3)epithelial and (4)nervous

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Types of Epithelial tissue

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Classified by its shape and # of layers.
SIMPLE: (1)simple squamous, (2)simple cuboidal, (3)simple columnar and (4)pseudostratified columnar////STRATIFIED: (1)stratified squamous, and (2)transitional.

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Traits of Epithelial tissue

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(1)Forms continuous sheets like floor tiles, (2) outer surface is unattached, (3)under surface is attached to basement membrane, (4)avascular, (5)Well-nourished sop it repairs itself quickly.

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Basement membrane

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A very thin material that anchors the epithelium to the underlying structure.

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Avascular

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Having no blood supply of its own

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simple squamous

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thin and flat like fish scales

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cuboidal epithelium

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cells are cube like and look like dice

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columnar epithelium

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Cells are tall and narrow and look like columns

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Simple epithelium

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One layer of cells. Concerned primarily with the transport of substances across the membrane from one body compartment to another.

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Stratified epithelium

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2-20 layers of cells.(1) Stronger than simple epithelium, (2)performs a protective functions, (3)its found in tissues exposed to everyday wear and tear (i.e. mouth, esophagus), and (4) the most wide spread of the epithelial tissue

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Goblets cells

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modified columnar cells

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pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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a single layer of columnar cells that are so irregularly shaped that they appear mulitlayered

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Transitional epithelium

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Found primarily in the organs that need to stretch.The cells slide past one another when the tissue is stretched. (I.E. appear stratified when the bladder is empty and simple when its full)

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gland

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Made up of one or more cells that secrete a particular substance

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exocrine glands

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have ducts into which the exocrine secretion are released before reaching body surface or body cavities

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endocrine glands

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a ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the blood streams

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Connective tissue

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Most abundant of the four main types and widely spread throughout the body

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Functions of connective tissue

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(1)Connection, (2)support, (3)Protection, (4)fat storage and (5) transportation.

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Characteristics of Connective tissue

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(1) most is well vascularized (except: ligaments, tendons, cartilage), (2)has an abundance of intercellular matrix, and (3)presence and amount of protein fibers varies.

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Intercellular matrix

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What makes the types of connective tissue look so different. Composed of fibrous protein and ground substances.Varies from liquid to hard.

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blast

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immature cells that secrete matrix

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Types of connective tissue

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(1)Loose (areolar, adipose and reticular),(2)Dense fibrous, (3)Cartilage (Hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic), (4)Bone and (5)blood and lymph

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Protein fibers

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Fibers secreted by the cells called fibroblasts. Types include; (1)collagen(strong, flexible and easily stretched) , (2)elastin(very strong and stretchy like a rubber band) and (3)reticular fibers(fine collagen).

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Loose connective tissue

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Contains fibers that are loosely arranged around cells. Three types: areolar, adipose and reticular.

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Areolar tissue

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Type of loose connective tissue that is made up of collagen and elastin fibers in a gel-like intecellular matrix. Its soft and surrounds, protects and cushions many organs to hold them in position. The most widely spread type of connective tissue.

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Adipose tissue

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Type of loose connective tissue that is composed primarily of adipocytes. The more stored fat the larger it is.

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Adipocytes

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cells that store fat

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Reticular tissue

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Type of loose connective tissue that serves as a network of delicately interwoven cells and reticular fibers.Forms internal framework for lymphoid tissue(i.e. spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow)

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Dense Fibrous connective tissue

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Composed of fibroblasts and an intercellular matrix that contains many collagen(main type of fiber) and elastic fibers. Fibers form strong, supporting structures(i.e. tendons, ligaments, capsules and fascia)

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Tendons

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Cord-like structures composed of dense fibrous connective tissue that attach muscles to bones

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Ligaments

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dense fibrous connective tissue that cross joints and attach bones to each other. Contain more elastic fibers than tendons so the stretch more easily and prevents tearing.

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Capsules

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The dense tough fibers that form around organs

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Fascia

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Dense fibrous connective tissues that forms bands/sheets of tissue. Covers muscles blood vessels and nerves. Also covers, supports and anchors the organs

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Cartilage

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Type of connective tissue that is formed by chondroblasts that eventually mature into chondrocytes.The matrix is solid by not as hard as bones. There are three types: Hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage.

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Chondrocytes

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Cartilage cells. Secrete a protein containing intercellular matrix that becomes firm, smooth and rubbery.

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Perichondrium

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a layer of connective tissue that carries blood vessels(supply oxygen and nutrients) to the cartilage.

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Hyaline cartilage

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Found in fetal skeleton in large quantiles and while maturing is converted to bone.

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Bone

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Hardness of the bones enables it to protect organs (i.e. the brain) and to support the weight of the body for standing and moving. Acts as a storage site for mineral salts (i.e. Calcium). Also called Osseus tissue

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Osteoblasts

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immature bone cells. secrete intercellular matrix that includes collagen(provides flexibility and strength), calcium salts and other minerals(makes the bone tissue hard). Mature into osteocytes.

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Blood

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Type of connective tissue that have a liquid intercellular matrix. Consists of blood cells surrounded by a fluid matrix called plasma(contains nonfibrous plasma protein.

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Lymph

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Type of connective tissue that have a liquid intercellular matrix. Its the fluid tat is found in lymphatic vessels

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Nervous tissue

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Makes up th brain, spinal cord and nerves. Has two types: neurons and neuroglia.

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Neurons

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transmit electrical signals to and from the brain and spinal cord.Has 3 parts:(1)the dendrites(recieve the info), (2)cell body(contains the nucleus and is essential to the life of the cell and (3)single axon (transmits info away from the cell body)

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Neuroglia

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cells that support and take care of the neuron.

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Muscle tissue

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composed of cells that shorten/contract to cause movement of a body part. Since they are long and slender, they are called fibers not cells.Three main types :skeletal, smooth and cardiac.

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Skeletal muscle

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Generally attached to bone, they appear striated and they move the skeleton to maintain posture and stabilize joints. (as called striated muscle)

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Smooth muscle

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Generally found in the walls of the viscera(i.e stomach, intestines and urinary bladder). The function is related to the organ in which it is found (also called visceral muscle)

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Cardiac muscle

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Found only in the heart, its function is to pump blood into a vast network of blood vessels

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Cardiac muscle fibers

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Long branching cells that fit together tightly at junctions, promotes rapid conduction of coordinated electrical signals throughout the heart.

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Regeneration

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A type of tissue repair that replaces the tissue via mitosis. Replacing the tissue with cells that are identical to the original ones.Only occur in cells that undergo mitosis( i.e the skin)

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Fibrosis

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Type of tissue repair that replaces injured tissue with fibrous connective tissue(scar tissue). The fibers of the scar tissue pull the edges of the wound together and strengthen the area. Occurs in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and nervous tissue.

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Keloid scarring

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Excessive fibrosis

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Membranes

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This sheets of tissue that cover surfaces, line body cavities and surround organs. They are classified as epithelial or connective tissue.

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Epithelial Membranes

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(1)cutaneous membrane, (2)Mucous membrane and (3) serous membrane. They all contain an epithelial sheet and an underlying layer of connective. tissue

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Cutaneous Membrane

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The skin. The outer layer of skin(epidermis) and the underlying layer(dermis) is composed of fibrous connective tissue

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Mucous membrane

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Lines all body cavities that open to the exterior of the body(i.e. reproductive, digestive, urinary and respiratory). Most are adaptive for absorption and secretion. They secrete mucus that helps keep the membrane moist and lubricated.

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Serous Membrane

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Line the ventral body cavaties which are not open to the exterior of the body. Secrete a thin watery serous fluid, allows the membranes to slide past one another without friction. Part of the membrane lines the cavity and the other part covers the organs within that cavity. There are 3;(1)Pleura, (2)pericardium and (3)peritoneum

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Parietal layer

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The part of the membrane that lines the walls of the cavity(like wallpaper)

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Visceral layer

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The part of the membrane that covers the outside of the organ.

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Pleura

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Parietal pleura lines the wall of the thoracic cavity and the visceral pleura covers each lung. A type of serous membrane.

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Pleural cavity

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Found in the thoracic cavity and is the space between the pleural layers. Its lubricated by pleural fluids

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Pericardium

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Found in the thoracic cavity and partially surrounds the heart. The parietal and visceral pericardium offers sling like support to the heart. A type of serous membrane.

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Pericardial cavity

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Found in thoracic cavity. Its the space between the pericardial membranes, its membrane is lubricated by pericardial fluids

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Peritoneum

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Parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal cavity and visceral peritoneum covers abdominal organs. A type of serous membrane.

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Types of connective membranes

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Synovial, periosteum, perichondrium, meninges, fascia(found throughout the body)

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Synovial

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Type of connective tissue membrane that lines the joints

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periosteum

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Type of connective tissue membrane that lines the bones

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perichondrium

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Type of connective tissue membrane that lines the cartilage

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meninges

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Type of connective tissue membrane that lines the central nervous system