Chap 3- Cell Division

Front 1

2 Phases of the cell cycle

Back 1

Interphase & M phase (Mitosis)

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Stages of Interphase

Back 2

G1 -> G0 or S & G2

Front 3

Stages of Mitosis

Back 3

Prophase

Prometaphase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Cytokinesis

Front 4

2 Stages of M Phase

Back 4

Karyokinesis

Cytokinesis

Front 5

Stage of Cell Cycle when Chromosome is most condensed

Back 5

Metaphase

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Centromere

Back 6

Specialized DNA sequence on eukaryotic chromosomes that is the site of kinetochore protein and microtubule binding

Front 7

Kinetochore

Back 7

Protein complex bound to the centromere that facilitates chromosome division by binding to spindle fiber microtubules

Front 8

Centrosome

Back 8

A cytoplasmic region, containing a pair of centrioles from which the growth of microtubules forms the spindle apparatus during cell division

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Three kinds of spindle fibers

Back 9

Kinetochore microtubules

Polar microtubules

Astral microtubules

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Kinetochore microtubules

Back 10

Responsible for chromosome movement during cell division by binding to kinetochore

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Polar Microtubules

Back 11

Contribute to the elongation of the cell and to cell stability during division

Front 12

Astral microtubules

Back 12

Grow toward the membrane of the cell where they attach and contribute to cell stability

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Cohesin

Back 13

Protein that binds and stabilizes sister chromatids to resist the pull of kinetochore microtubules

Front 14

Separase

Back 14

Enzyme that cleaves cohesin, allowing for separation of sister chromatids during Anaphase

Front 15

Disjunction

Back 15

The separation of sister chromatids in anaphase

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Cyclin proteins

Back 16

Control the progression of cells through the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) enzymes

Front 17

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase

Back 17

Proteins that regulate the cell cycle, particularly entry and progression through mitosis

Front 18

Cyclin-Cdk complex

Back 18

Regulates the cell cycle progression at various checkpoints

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Synapsis

Back 19

The close approach and contact between homologous chromosomes during early prophase I in meiosis

Front 20

Synaptonemal Complex

Back 20

A tri-layer protein structure that maintains synapsis by tightly binding nonsisterchromatids of homologous chromosomes

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Chiasmata

Back 21

Contact points between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes where crossing over may occur

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Sex Chromosome

Back 22

Homologous Chromosomes that differ between the sexes. Designated X & Y in species in which females are XX and males XY. Designated Z and W in species in which females are ZW and males are ZZ (birds)

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Dosage Compensation

Back 23

A mechanism for equalizing the expression of X-linked genes in males and females of a species

Front 24

Sister Chromatids

Back 24

The identical DNA duplexes that are produced by DNA replication and are temporarily joined to one another during early stages of cell division

Front 25

S Phase (synthesis phases)

Back 25

The middle phase of interphase , during which DNA replication takes place

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Mitosis

Back 26

The process of cell division in somatic cells that produces genetically identical daughter cells through a single nuclear division

Front 27

Nonsister Chromatid

Back 27

A chromatid belonging to a homologous chromosome. Nonsister chromatids of homologs are involved in crossing over

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germ-line cell

Back 28

Gamete

Front 29

Meiosis I

Back 29

First nuclear division characterized by chromosomes separating.

Front 30

Prophase

Back 30

The stage of M phase during which chromosome condensation starts

Front 31

Anaphase

Back 31

Phase of Mitosis during which sister chromatids separate (Anaphase A) and move to opposite poles (Anaphase B)

Front 32

Metaphase

Back 32

The stage of M phase during which chromosomes align in the middle of the cell. Chromosomes are most condensed.

Front 33

X-linked Inheritance

Back 33

The pattern of inheritance characteristic of genes located on the X chromosome

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ascus

Back 34

The spore sac formed by fungi containing four (tetrad) or eight (octad) haploid spores.

Front 35

Y-linked inheritance

Back 35

The exclusively male-to-male transmission of genes on the Y chromosome

Front 36

Meiosis II

Back 36

Second nuclear division characterized by sister chromatids separating. Similar to Mitosis

Front 37

Meiosis

Back 37

The process of cell division occurring in germ-line cells. Produces four haploid gametes through two successive divisions in diploid species

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Barrr Body

Back 38

The inactive X chromosome in mammalian female nuclei. The result of random X inactivation

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SRY

Back 39

The gene of mammalian Y chromosomes known as the sex-determining region of Y that initiates male sex development.

Front 40

Aster

Back 40

The structure formed during cell division that contains microtubules emanating from centrosomes

Front 41

G1 Phase

Back 41

The "Gap 1" phase of the cell cycle during which genes are actively transcribed and translated and cells carry out their normal functions

Front 42

Telophase

Back 42

The last stage of M phase, in which the nuclear contents are divided (karyokinesis) and the daughter cells are divided (cytokinesis)

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Sex determination

Back 43

The genetically controlled processes that determine the sex of offspring

Front 44

M Phase

Back 44

The cell division phase of the cell cycle

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gamete

Back 45

The reproductive cells produced by make and female reproductive structures; sperm or pollen in make animals and plants and eggs in females

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Metaphase Plate

Back 46

The cell midline along which chromosomes align during metaphase

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Chromosome theory of heredity

Back 47

Genes are carried on chromosomes, and the meiotic behaviour of chromosomes is the physical basis of Mendel's laws

Front 48

Random X-inactivation

Back 48

Process of randomly inactivating one copy of the X chromosome in each mammalian female nucleus in zygotic development

Front 49

Hemizygous

Back 49

Genotype of males that carry a single copy of each X-linked gene

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Haploid number

Back 50

The number of chromosomes (n) typically found in the nuclei during the haploid phase of the life cycle.

Front 51

Recombination Nodule

Back 51

Proteins along the synaptonemal complex that are thought to play a role in crossing over

Front 52

Crossing Over

Back 52

The breakage and reunion of homologous chromosomes that results in reciprocal recombination

Front 53

Diploid Number

Back 53

The characteristic number of chromosomes (2n) in somatic cell nuclei during the diploid phase of the cell life cycle. Equal to twice the haploid (n) number of chromosomes found in the nuclei of gametes

Front 54

G2 phase

Back 54

"Gap 2" phase of the cell cycle during which the cell prepares to divide

Front 55

Sex-linked Inheritance

Back 55

The inheritance of genes on the sex chromosomes

Front 56

X-linked Inheritance

Back 56

The pattern of inheritance characteristic of genes located on the X chromosome

Front 57

X-linked Dominant

Back 57

A pattern of inheritance consistent with the transmission of a dominant allele of a gene on the X chromosome

Front 58

Sister Chromatid Cohesion

Back 58

Temporary attachment of sister chromatids facilitated by cohesin protein that resists the pulling forces of spindle fibers in metaphase

Front 59

G0 Phase

Back 59

"G zero" phase of the cell cycle, an alternative to G1, entered by mature cells that generally do not divide again until the die

Front 60

Nondisjunction

Back 60

The failure of homolog or sister chromatid separation during cell division resulting in aneuploidy

Front 61

Interphase

Back 61

The multiphase period of the cell cycle between cell divisions. Includes G1, S and G2 phase

Front 62

Karyokinesis

Back 62

Part of telophase, the process of nuclear division between daughter cells

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Daughter cell

Back 63

The genetically identical cells produced by mitotic cell division

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Cytokinesis

Back 64

Part of telophase, the process of cytoplasmic division between daughter cells

Front 65

X-linked recessive

Back 65

A pattern of inheritance consistent with the transmission of the recessive allele of a gene on the X chromosome

Front 66

Pseudoautosomal Region (PAR)

Back 66

Homologous regions of the X and Y chromosomes that synapse and cross over