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191 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Tissue |
A group of similar cells that has a common embryonic origin and functions together to carry out specialized activities |
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Histology |
The science that deals with the study of tissues |
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Pathologist |
A physician who specializes in laboratory studies of cells and tissues to help other physicians make accurate diagnoses |
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Epithelial tissue |
Covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts. It also forms glands. |
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Connective tissue |
Protects and supports the body and its organs. May bind organs together, store energy reserves as fat, or help provide immunity to disease-causing organisms. |
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Muscle tissue |
generates the physical force needed to make body sructures move. |
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Nervous tissue |
detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside the body and responds by generating nerve impulses that help maintain homeostasis. |
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Three primary germ layers |
Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm |
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Mesoderm |
gives rise to all connective tissues and most muscle tissues |
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Ectoderm |
gives rise to nervous tissue. |
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Biopsy |
the removal of a sample of living tissue for microscopic examination |
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Cell junctions |
Contact points between the plasma membranes of tissue cells |
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Three functions of cell junctions |
1. forming seals between cells 2. anchoring cells to one another/to extracellular material 3. providing channels that allow ions and molecules to pass from cell to cell within a tissue |
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Five Primary Cell Junctions |
1. Tight junctions 2. Adherens junctions 3. Desmosomes 4. Hemidesmosomes 5. Gap junctions |
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Structure of tight junctions |
consist of tight, weblike strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse the outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes together. |
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Structure of adherens junctions |
Contain plaque and cadherins. Cadherins partially cross the space between cells to join with other cadherins. |
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Cadherins |
-transmembrane glycoproteins that attach epithelial surfaces together to resist separation. |
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Structure of desmosomes |
Contain plaque & have cadherins. Intermediate filaments made of keratin that extend from desmosomes on one side of the cell across the cytosol to desmosomes on the opposite side of the cell. |
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Function of Tight Junction |
Slow down or impede passage of substances between cells and thus prevent the contents of these organs from leaking into the blood or surrounding tissues.
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Location of Tight Junctions |
Cells of epithelial tissues that line the stomach, intestines, and urinary bladder.
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Adhesion junction |
extensive zone of cadherins that encircles an epithelial cell. |
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Function of adherens junctions |
To help epithelial cells to resist separation.
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Location of adherens junctions |
epithelial cells |
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3 Functions of desmosomes |
1. To contribute to the stability of the cells & tissue.
2. To prevent epidermal cells from separating under tension. 3. To prevent cardiac muscle cells from pulling apart during contraction. |
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Plaque |
A dense layer of proteins on the inside of the plasma membrane that attaches to the proteins of both cytoskeleton and plasma membrane.
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2 Locations of desmosomes |
epidermal cells and cardiac muscle cells |
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Function of hemidesmosomes |
To anchor cells to the basement membrane |
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Structure of hemidesmosomes |
Resemble desmosomes but lack links to adjacent cells, making them look like half a desmosome. |
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Integrin |
Attach on the inside of the plasma membrane to the intermediate keratin filaments. |
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Function of gap junctions |
Allow the cells in a tissue to communicate with each other by allowing small ions and molecules to diffuse from one cell to another. |
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Structure of gap junctions |
Membrane proteins called connexins form tiny fluid-filled tunnels called connexons that connect neighboring cells. Plasma membranes not fused together as in tight junctions but rather separated by very narrow intercellular gap. |
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Location of gap junctions |
- Nervous tissue - Cardiac muscle - Muscle of the GI tract |
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Structure of epithelium (aka epithelial tissue) |
- Cells arranged in continuous sheets (either single or multiple layers). - Cells closely packed and held together tightly by many cell junctions with very little intercellular space. |
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Surfaces of epithelial cells |
1. Apical surface 2. Lateral surface 3. Basal surface |
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Apical surface |
free surface of the epithelial cell facing the body surface, cavity, lumen, or duct. |
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Lateral surface |
surface of an epithelial cell facing the adjacent cells |
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Basal surface |
Opposite apical surface Adheres to extracellular materials (ie. site of attachment to basement membrane) |
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Basement membrane |
Thin extracellular layer to which epithelial cells are attached. |
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2 layers of basement membrane |
Basal lamina Reticular Lamina |
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Basal Lamina |
Closer to the epithelial cells and is secreted by them. Contains |
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Reticular lamina |
Closer to the underlying connective tissue. |
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4 Roles of basement membranes |
1. Primary: To attach to and support overlying epithelial tissue. 2. To form a surface along which epithelial cells migrate during growth or wound healing. 3. To restrict passage of larger molecules between epithelium and connective tissue. 4. To participate in filtration of blood in the kidneys. |
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Epithelial tissue lacks its own |
blood supply. |
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Avascular (definition) |
Lacking its own blood supply.
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Source of nutrients and waste removal for epithelial tissue |
Adjacent connective tissue |
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2 types of epithelial tissue
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1. covering and lining epithelium 2. glandular epithelium |
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3 arrangements of cell layers among covering and lining epithelia |
1. Simple epithelium 2. Stratified epithelium 3. Pseudostratified epithelium |
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Structure of simple epithelium |
Single layer of cells |
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5 functions of simple epithelium |
1. Diffusion 2. Osmosis 3. Filtration 4. Secretion 5. Absorption |
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Structure of stratified epithelium |
Two or more layers of cells |
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Function of stratified epithelium |
Protect underlying tissues in locations where there is considerable wear and tear |
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Structure of pseudostratified epithelium |
Contains only a single layer of cells, but appears to have multiple layers because the cell nuclei lie at different levels and not all cells reach the apical surface. |
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4 Cell shapes of covering and lining epithelia |
1. Squamous
2. Cuboidal 3. Columnar 4. Transitional |
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Squamous |
Thin Arranged like floor tiles Allow for rapid movement of substances through them. |
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Cuboidal (structure & function) |
Structure: Tall as they are wide Shaped like cubes or hexagons May have microvilli at apical surface Function: either secretion of absorption |
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Columnar (structure & function) |
Structure: Much taller than they are wide Apical surface may have cilia or microvilli Function: Specialized for secretion and absorption |
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Transitional |
Change shape, from cuboidal to flat and back, as organs stretch to a larger size then collapse to a smaller size. |
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Microvilli |
microscopic fingerlike cytoplasmic projections that increase the surface area of the plasma membrane |
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Goblet cells |
modified columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus |
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Gland |
1. a single cell or group of cells 2. secretes substances into ducts, onto a surface, or into blood 3. either endocrine or exocrine |
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Endocrine glands |
secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid that then diffuse directly into bloodstream. |
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Exocrine glands |
secrete their products into ducts that empty onto the surface of a covering-and-lining-epithelium (eg. sweat glands, salivary glands) |
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2 classifications of exocrine glands |
1. Unicellular exocrine glands 2. Multicellular exocrine glands |
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Unicellular exocrine gland example |
Goblet cells
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Multicellular gland examples |
Sudoriferous Sebaceous Salivary |
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Multicellular gland branching categories (2) |
1. Simple gland: unbranched 2. Compound gland: branched |
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Multicellular gland shape categories (2) |
1. Tubular glands 2. Acinar glands (rounded) |
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5 types of simple glands |
1. Simple tubular 2. Simple branched tubular 3. Simple coiled tubular 4. Simple acinar 5. Simple branched acinar |
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3 types of compound glands |
1. Compound tubular 2. Compound acinar 3. Compound tubuloacinar |
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3 functional classifications of exocrine glands |
1. Merocrine 2. Apocrine 3. Holocrine |
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Merocrine gland |
Secretion synthesized on ribosomes attached to rough ER; processed, sorted, and packaged by the Golgi complex; and released from the cell in secretory vesicles via exocytosis. |
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Apocrine gland |
Accumulates secretory product at the apical surface of thesecreting cell. That portion of the cell pinches off from the rest of the cell to release the secretion. The remaining part of the cell repairs itself and repeats the process. |
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Holocrine gland |
accumulates secretory product in the cytosol and ruptures. |
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Example of merocrine gland |
Most exocrine glands.
eg. salivary glands, pancreatic glands. |
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Example of holocrine gland |
sebaceous gland |
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6 functions of connective tissue |
1. Binds together, supports, and strengthens other body tissues 2. Protects and insulates internal organs 3. Compartmentalizes structures such as skeletal muscle 4. Major transport system within the body (ie. blood) 5. Major site of stored energy reserves (ie. fat) 6. Main site of immune responses |
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Matrix |
The ground substance and fibers between cells in connective tissue. |
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Fibroblast
(structure, function) |
1. Structure: large, flat cells with branching processes. 2. Function: migrate through connective tissue, secreting the fibers and ground substance of the matrix |
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Macrophages |
1. Structure: irregularly shaped with short branching projections. 2. Function: to engulf bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytosis. Cells either roam the tissues and gather at sites of infection/inflammation or they are fixed in a particular tissue. |
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Plasma Cells (structure, function, location) |
1. Structure: Small 2. Secrete antibodies 3. Especially abundant in GI & respiratory tracts, salivary glands, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow. |
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Mast cells (function & location) |
1. Function: Produce histamine
2. Location: Abundant alongside the blood vessels that supply connective tissue. |
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Adipocytes (function & location) |
1. Function: Store triglycerides 2. Location: below the skin and around organs such as the heart and kidneys |
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White blood cells (location) |
Location: Sites of immune response (eg. infection, parasitic invasion, allergic response) |
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Ground substance (function) |
To support cells, bind them together, and provide a medium through which substances are exchanged between the blood and cells. |
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3 types of loose connective tissue |
A. Areolar connective tissue B. Adipose tissue C. Reticular Connective tissue |
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Areolar connective tissue |
Fibers: collagen, elastic, reticular |
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Areolar connective tissue |
1. Subcutaneous layer (deep to skin) 3. Lamina propria of mucous membranes 4. Around blood vessels, nerves, and body organs |
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Areolar connective tissue |
1. Strength,
2. elasticity, 3. support |
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Adipose connective tissue |
1. Consists of adipocytes 2. cells specialized to store triglycerides as a large centrally located droplet 3. nucleus and cytoplasm are peripherally located. |
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Adipose connective tissue (4 functions) |
1. Reduces heat loss through skin 2. serves as an energy reserve 3. supports 4. protects. |
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Adipose connective tissue |
1. Subcutaneous layer deep to skin 2. around heart and kidneys 3. yellow bone marrow 4. padding around joints 5. behind eyeball in eye socket |
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Reticular connective tissue |
A network of interlacing reticular fibers and reticular cells |
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Reticular connective tissue |
1. Forms stroma of organs 2. Binds together smooth muscle tissue cells 3. Filters and removes worn-out blood cells in the spleen and microbes in the lymph nodes |
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Reticular connective tissue |
1. Stroma (supporting framework) of liver 2. spleen 3. lymph nodes 4. red bone marrow 5. reticular lamina of the basement membrane 6. all around blood vessels and muscles |
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3 types of dense connective tissue |
A. Dense regular connective tissue B. Dense irregular connective tissue C. Elastic connective tissue |
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Dense regular connective tissue |
Shiny white matrix Consists mainly of collagen fibers arranged in bundles Fibroblasts present in rows between bundles |
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Dense regular connective tissue |
Provides strong attachments between various structures. |
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Dense regular connective tissue |
1. Forms tendons (attach muscle to bone)
2. Forms most ligaments (attach bone to bone) 3. Aponeuroses (sheetlike tendons that attach muscle to muscle or muscle to bone) |
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Dense irregular connective tissue (description) |
1. Predominantly collagen fibers. 2. Randomly Arranged 3. A few fibroblasts |
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Dense irregular connective tissue |
Provides strength |
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Dense irregular connective tissue (8 locations) |
1. Fasciae 2. Reticular region of dermis and skin 3. Periosteum of bone 4. Perichondrium of cartilage 5. Joint capsules 6. Membrane capsules around various organs 7. Pericardium of heart 8. Heart valves |
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Elastic connective tissue |
1. Predominantly freely branching elastic fibers |
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Elastic connective tissue |
Allows for stretching of various organs |
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Elastic connective tissue |
1. Lung tissue 2. walls of elastic arteries 3. trachea 4. bronchial tubes 5. true vocal chords 6. suspensory ligament of penis 7. ligaments between vertebrae |
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3 types of cartilage |
1. Hyaline 2. Fibrocartilage 3. Elastic cartilage |
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Hyaline cartilage (description) |
1. Bluish-white, shiny ground substance 2. with fine collagen fibers 3. many chondrocytes 4. most abundant type of cartilage |
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Hyaline cartilage |
1. provides smooth surfaces for movement at joints 2. flexibility 3. support |
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Hyaline cartilage |
1. ends of long bones 2. anterior ends of a. ribs b. nose c. parts of (i) larynx, (ii) trachea, (iii) bronchi, (iv) bronchial tubes |
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Fibrocartilage |
Chondrocytes scattered among bundles of collagen fibers within the matrix |
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Fibrocartilage |
1. support 2. fusion |
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Fibrocartilage (4 locations) |
1. Pubic symphysis 2. Intervertebral discs 3. Menisci of knee 4. Portions of tendons that insert into cartilage |
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Elastic cartilage |
Chondrocytes located in a threadlike network of elastic fibers within the matrix. |
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Elastic cartilage (2 functions) |
1. gives support 2. maintains shape |
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Elastic cartilage |
1. Lid on top of larynx (epiglottis) 2. Part of external ear (auricle) 3. Eustachian tubes |
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2 types of bone tissue |
1. Compact bone 2. Spongy bone |
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Compact bone |
Consists of osteons (Haversian systems) that contain (i) lamellae, (ii) lacunae, (iii) ostocytes, (iv) canaliculi, and (v) central (Haversian) canals. |
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Compact & spongy bone |
1. support 2. protection 3. houses blood-forming tissue 4. serves as levers that act together with the muscle tissue to enable movement |
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Compact & spongy bone |
Make up the various bones of the body. |
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Spongy bone |
Consists of trabeculae instead of osteons; spaces between trabeculae consist of red bone marrow |
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Osteon |
1. lamellae 2. lacunae 3. osteocytes 4. canaliculi 5. central (Haversian) canals |
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Lamellae |
Concentric rings of matrix that consist of |
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Lacunae |
Small spaces between lamelae that contain mature bone cells called osteocytes. |
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Osteocytes |
mature bone cell |
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Canaliculi |
1. location: project from the lacunae 2. description: networks of miniature canals that contain the processes of osteocytes. |
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Central (Haversian) canals |
contains blood vessels and nerves |
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Trabeculae |
Spongy bone's equivalent of osteons. |
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Blood tissue |
1. Description: fluid matrix consists of plasma and blood cells. a. erythrocytes b. leukocytes c. thrombocytes |
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Blood tissue |
1. Erythrocytes transport O2 and CO2 2. Leukocytes carry on phagocytosis and are involved in allergic reactions and immune system responses. 3. Thrombocytes (platelets) essential to blood clotting. |
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Blood tissue |
1. within blood vessels |
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2 classifications of epithelial tissues |
1. Covering and lining epithelium 2. Glandular epithelium |
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9 types of covering and lining epithelium |
1. Simple squamous epithelium 2. Simple cuboidal epithelium 3. Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium 4. Ciliated simple columnar epithelium 5. Stratified squamous epithelium 6. Stratified cuboidal epithelium 7. Stratified columnar epithelium 8. Transitional epithelium 9. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
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Simple squamous epithelium |
Single layer of flat cells; centrally located nucleus. |
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Simple squamous epithelium |
1. filtration 2. diffusion 3. osmosis 4. secretion in serous membranes |
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Simple squamous epithelium |
1. lining heart 2. lining blood vessels 3. lining lymphatic vessels 4. lining air sacs of lungs 5. lining Bowman's capsule of kidneys 6. lining tympanic membrane of eardrum 7. forming epithelial layer of serous membranes (eg. peritoneum) |
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Simple cuboidal epithelium |
Single layer of cube-shaped cells; centrally located nucleus. |
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Simple cuboidal epithelium |
1. secretion 2. absorption |
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SImple cuboidal epithelium |
1. Covering surface of ovary 2. Lining anterior surface of capsule of eye lens 3. Forming pigmented epithelium at the back of the eye 4. Lining kidney tubules and smaller ducts of many glands. 5. Makes up secreting portion of some glands (eg. thyroid) & ducts of some glands (eg. pancreas) |
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Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium |
Single layer of nonciliated rectangular cells with nuclei near base of cells; contains goblet cels and cells with microvilli in some locations. |
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Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium |
1. secretion 2. absorption |
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Noncilated simple columnar epithelium |
1. Lining GI tract from stomach to anus 3. Lining gallbladder |
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Ciliated simple columnar epithelium |
Single layer of ciliated rectangular cells with nuclei near base of cells; contain goblet cells in some locations. |
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Ciliated simple columnar epithelium |
Moves mucus and other substances by ciliary action. |
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Ciliated simple columnar epithelium |
1. Lining a few portions of the upper respiratory tract 2. Lining Fallopian tubes 3. Lining uterus 4. Lining some paranasal sinuses 5. Lining central canal of spinal cord |
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Stratified squamous epithelium |
1. Several layers of cells 2. Deep layers: cuboidal to columnar in shape 3. Superficial layers: squamous in shape 4. Cells from the basal layer replace surface cells as they are lost |
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Stratified squamous epithelium |
Protection |
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Stratified squamous epithelium |
1. Keratinized: superficial layer of skin |
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Stratified cuboidal epithelium |
Two or more layers in which the cells in the apical layer are cuboidal. |
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Stratified cuboidal epithelium |
1. protection 2. limited secretion and absorption |
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Stratified cuboidal epithelium |
1. Ducts of adult sweat glands |
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Stratified columnar epithelium |
Several layers of irregularly shaped cells; columnar cells are only in the apical layer. |
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Stratified columnar epithelium |
1. Protection |
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Stratified columnar epithelium |
1. Lines part of the urethra |
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Transitional epithelium |
Appearance varies: |
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Transitional epithelium |
Permits distention (stretching) |
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Transitional epithelium |
Lining urinary bladder and portions of ureters and urethra. |
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Pseudostratified columnar |
Not a true stratified tissue; nuclei of cels are at different levels; all cells are attached to basement membrane, but not all reach the surface. |
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Pseudostratified columnar |
1. Secretion 2. Movement of mucus by ciliary action |
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Pseudostratified columnar |
1. Ciliated: lining the airways of most of the upper respiratory tract 2. Non-ciliated: lining larger ducts of many glands (eg. epididymis, part of the male urethra). |
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2 types of glandular epithelium |
1. endocrine 2. exocrine |
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Endocrine glandular epithelium (description) |
Secretory products (hormones) diffuse into blood after passing through interstitial fluid. |
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Endocrine glandular epithelium |
To produce hormones that regulate various body activities. |
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Endocrine glandular epithelium |
Located in hormone-producing glands (eg. pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thymus) |
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Exocrine glandular epithelium |
Secretory products released into ducts |
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Exocrine glandular epithelium |
Produce mucous, sweat, oil, earwax, saliva, or digestive enzymes |
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Exocrine glandular epithelium |
1. Glands of the skin, such as sweat, oil, and earwax. 2. Glands of the digestive tract, such as salivary and pancreatic. |
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Membrane |
flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body |
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2 types of membranes |
1. Epithelial 2. Synovial |
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4 primary types of epithelial membranes |
1. Mucous membrane 4. Cutaneous membrane (skin) |
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Synovial membrane |
1. Description: contains connective tissue but no epithelium
2. Location: lines joints |
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Mucous membrane |
Lining body cavities that open directly to the exterior (eg. digestive, respiratory, reproductive tracts, much of the urinary tract) |
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Mucous membrane |
1. Cells connected by tight junctions 2. Contains many goblet cells |
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Lamina propria |
The layer of areolar connective tissue in a mucous membrane which functions to 1. support the epithelium, 2. bind epithelium to underlying structures, 3. allow flexibility of the membrane 4. provide oxygen and nutrients to the epithelium and take away CO2. |
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Serous membrane (2 locations) |
1. Lining body cavities that do not open directly to the exterior and |
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2 layers of serous membranes |
1. Parietal: attached to cavity wall 2. Visceral: attached to organs within cavity |
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3 Primary serous membranes of the body |
1. Pleura: thoracic cavity 2. Pericardium: heart (pericardial) cavity 3. Peritoneum: abdominal cavity |
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Muscle tissue: 3 types |
1. Skeletal muscle tissue 2. Smooth muscle tissue 3. Cardiac muscle tissue |
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Skeletal muscle tissue |
1. Striated 2. Long & cylindrical shape 3. Multiple nuclei located on periphery of cell |
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Skeletal muscle tissue |
Voluntary movement |
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Skeletal muscle tissue |
Attached to the bones of the skeleton. |
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Smooth muscle tissue |
1. non-striated (hence smooth) 2. thick in the middle, tapering ends 3. Single, centrally located nucleus. 4. Often connected by gap junctions. |
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Smooth muscle tissue |
Involuntary movement of organs (eg. squeezing blood vessels, peristalsis of the GI tract) |
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Smooth muscle tissue |
Walls of hollow internal structures
(eg. blood vessels, airways to the lungs, stomach, intestines, gallbladder, urinary bladder) |
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Cardiac muscle tissue |
1. striated 2. branched 3. single centrally located nucleus 4. attached by intercalated discs |
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Cardiac muscle |
Involuntary contraction of the heart, quick conduction of action potentials. |
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Cardiac muscle |
forming most of the wall of the heart |
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2 cells of nervous tissue |
1. Neurons 2. Neuroglia |
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Parts of Neuron |
1. Cell body: interprets stimuli, regulates cell function 2. Dendrites: receive stimuli 3. Axon: conducts nerve impulses toward another neuron or some other tissue. |
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Neuroglia |
To support the neurons. |
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Fibrosis |
The replacement of tissue (performed by fibroblasts) with new fibrous connective tissue called scar tissue. |
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Tissue regeneration |
near-perfect reconstruction of injured tissues |
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Adhesion |
Abnormal joining of parts to each other due to the formation of scar tissue. |