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125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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genome
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cell's endowment of DNA
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chromosomes
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struct in which DNA are tightly packed
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chromatin
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entire complex of DNA & prot. building material of chromosomes
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somatic cells
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body cells excluding reproductive cells
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gametes
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reproductive cells, have 1/2 amt. of chromosomes as somatic cells
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Sister chromatids
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Joined copies of original chromosome; each duplicated chromosome has two
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Centromere
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Region containing specimen DNA sequences where chromatid is closely attached two sister chromatid
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Mitosis
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Division of genetic material in nucleus
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Cytokinesis
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Division of cytoplasm
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meiosis
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Variation of cell division; yields nonidentical daughter cells with one set of chromosomes (1/2 as many parent): gametes, 23 chromosomes
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Mitotic phase
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Includes mitosis & Cryokinesis, shortest part of cell cycle
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Interphase
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Much longer, 90 percent of cycle divided into : G1 phase- "first gap" cell grows. G2. phase- "synthesis" cont. growing, copies chromosomes. S phase- "second gap" grows more, completely prepare for cell division.
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Phases of the cell cycle
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_ mitotic phase, interphase, G1 phase, A phase, and G2 phase
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G1 phase
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"first gap" cell grows
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S phase
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"second gap" grows more, completely prepares for cell division.
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G2 phase
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"synthesis" cont. growing, copies chromosomes
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5 stages of mitosis
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1. prophase, 2. prometaphase, 3. metaphase, 4. anaphase, 5. telophase and cytokinesis
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centrosome
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Organize cell's microtubules thru cell cycle. Pair of centrioles are at each centrisome, but aren't needed for mitosis.
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kinetochore
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Within each of the 2 sis chromatids of duplicated chromosome.
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mitotic spindle
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Forms during prophase. Made of microtubules & prot. Microtubules of cytoskeleton disassemble, providing material to construct spindle. Elongate by incorp. subunits of protein tubulin.
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centrosome
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Organize cell's microtubules thru cycle. Pair of centrioles are at each centrisome, but aren't needed for mitosis.
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aster
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Radial array of short microtubules, extends from each centrisome.
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kinetochore
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Within each of the 2 sis. chromatids of duplicated chromosome.
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Binary fission
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Process promaryotes undergo, reproduce by growing twice its size, div. in 2 cells. Also happens to asexual reproduction of single-celled eukaryotes.
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prophase
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-Chromatin condense into chromosomes. -Nucleolu disappear. -Duplicated chromosomes appear as sis chromatids. -Mitotic spindle form. centrosomes move away from each other.
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Prometaphase
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-nuclear envelope fragments, chromosomes more condensed. -the 2 chromatids of each chromosome has a kinetochore. -microtubules attach to kinetochores, jerk chromosomes. -microtubules invade nuclear area. -nonkietochore microtubes interact with opposite pole.
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metaphase
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-centrosomes are opp. sides of cell. -chromosomes are at metaphase plate. -each kinetochore is attached to kinetochore microtubules from opposite pole.
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anaphase
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-shortest stage of mitosis. -cohesion prot. cleaved, 2 sis chromatids part, each chromatid becomes chromosome. -kinetochore microtubes shorten, move chromosomes to opp. ends. -cell elongates as nonkinetochore microtubes lengthen. -at end, 2 ends of cellhave = # chromosomes
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telophase
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-2 daughter nuclei & nuc envelopes form. -nucleus reappear, chromosomes less condensed. -spindlemicrotub depolymerized
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cytokinesis
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formation of cleavage furrow, pinches cell in 2.
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metaphase plate
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-imaginary plane during metaphere where centrimeres are between the 2 spindle poles. -in anaphase, cohesions btwn sis chromatids cleaved by separase. -overlapping nonkinetochore microtubes are walked apart by motor prot while being lengthened eith tubulin subunits.
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cleavage
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process which cyrokinesis occurs.
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cleavage furrow
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- shallow grivein cell surface near old metaphase plate. -on cytoplasmic side, there's contractile ring of actin microfil interacting with myosin moled to contract.
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bacterial chromosome
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consist of circukar DNA & prot.
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origin of replication
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-place on the bact. chromosome where DNA begins to replicate. -produces 2 origins which move to opp ends of cell.
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cell cycle control system
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-cyclically operating set of moled that trig. & coordinate key events in cell cycle. -cell cycle regulated by internal/ external sig.
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check point
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-control point where stop & go ahead sig. reg cycle. -most important 6 1(?) checkpoint: go ahead teiggers cell division. -if nosignal, then cell stays in nodividing go phase.
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growth factor
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prot. released by certain cells to divide.
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density-dependent inhibition
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-effect of ext. phys. factor on cell division where crowded cells stop div. -binding of cell surface prot. to counterpart an adj.cell sends cell division inhibit sig.
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transformation
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-when a normal cell is converted to cancer cell.
-body usually recog. & destroys it. -if not, proliferates & forms tumor. |
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benign tumor
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-if genetic changes are few, cells can't survive in another site.
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malignant tumor
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-genetic & cellular changes allow to spread to new tissues, impair function of organs.
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metastasis
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-spread of cancer cells to distant location.
-loc. tumor treated with radiation, famage DNA. -metastasis treated with chemotherapy, interferes with cell cycle of all cells. |
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anchorage dependence
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-a quality of animal cells, to div. mist be attached to a substratum (ex. inside of culture flask/ECM)
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unicellular
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-reproduces an entire organism.
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heredity
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-transmission of traits from one gen. to the next.
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genetics
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sci study of heredity & hereditary variation.
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genes
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hereditary units
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gametes
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-Reproductive cells
-vehicles for transmitting genes. |
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locus
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-a gene spec. loc. along length of chromosome.
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life cycle
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-gen. to ge. sequence of stages in reproductive history of org.
-somatic cells = 46 chromosomes. -2chromosomes of each of 23 types. |
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karyotype
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-ordered display of chrom arranged in pairs starting with longest chrom.
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homologous chromosomes
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-pairof chrom with same length, centromere position & staining pattern. Aha homolog
-both chrom of each pair carry genes with same traits. -female = XX. male= XY -offspring inherit one chrom of each pair from each parent -# of chrom in single set = n |
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diploid cell
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-cell w/ 2 chrom sets
-diploid # of chrom = 2n |
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sex chromosomes
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X & Y chrom determines sex
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autosomes
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Chrom that aren't sex chromosomes.
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haploid cells
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have single set of chrom. ex. gametes
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fertilization
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union of sperm & egg, and culmination of the fusion of their nuclei.
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zygote
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fertilized egg, diploid.
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meiosis
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-cell div that reduces # of sets of chrom from 2 to 1 in gametes.
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law of segregation
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2 alleles for heritable character segregate (separate) during gamete formation & end up in diff. gametes.
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homozygous
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-org w/pair of identical alleles for characters
-for just the identical gene. |
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heterozygous
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-org with 2 diff alleles for a gene.
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phenotype
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org's appearance & visible traits
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genotype
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org's gen. makeup
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monohybrids
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-heterozygous for 1 character followed in the cross.
- monohybrid cross. |
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dihybrids
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-individual heterozygous for 2 char. followed in cross.
- track sed color & shape -(YYRR) (yyrr) -2 pairs of alleles segregate ind.of each other -produce YR, Yr, yR, yr -produce 4 phenotype (9:3:3:1) |
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multiplication Rule
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-in monohybrid crosses
-to determine probability, mult. probability of one event by prob.of another event. The chances of 2 independent events occuring at the same time are those numerical chances multiplied by each other. |
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addition rule
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-in monohybrid crosses
-probability of 2+ mutually exclusive events will occur is calculated by adding their individ. probabilities. -the chances of 1 of many other specidied events happening is calculated by adding the probabilities of the specified events. |
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transformation
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change in geno & pheno due to assimilation of external DNA
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bacteriophages
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viruses that infect bact-phages.
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semiconservative model
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2 strands of parental mole separate, each function as template for synth of new complementary strand.
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origins of replication
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-where DNA rep begins.
-short stretches of DNA having a specific sequence of nucleotides. -prot. recog. sequence & attatch to DNA, the separate strands. |
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replecation fork
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-y shaped region where parental strands of DNA are being unwound.
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helicase
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enz, untwist doub helix at replication forks, separate strands.
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virus
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-little more than DNA/RNA enclosed by a protective coat that's a protein must take more virus.
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single-strand binding proteins
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-binds to unpaired DNA strands, keep them from repairing.
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topoisomerase
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-relieves strain ahead of rep. fork by breaking, swiveling, rejoining DNA strands.
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chromosome theory of inheritance
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Mendelian genes have spec. loci along a chrom., and chrom undergo segregation & ind. assirtment.
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sex-linked gene
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-gene loc. on either sex chrom. Y-linked or X - linked.
-Y-linked gene SR Y -sex -determining region of Y. --develop testes, absence develops ovaries. |
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inheritance of X-linked genes
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-father pass X alleles to daughters, not sons
-mothers pass X alleles to sons and daughters -males with X-linked genes described as hemizygous. -rec. X-linked gene will be expressed -ex. colorblindness, mostly males get this. |
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linked genes
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genes loc. near each other on same chrom. inherited together in gen crosses, gen. linked.
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genetic recombination
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production of offspring with combos of traits that differ from those found in either P gen.
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parental types
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offspring that inherit parental phenotype
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recombinant types
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-have new combo of traits
-50 percent frquency of recombination observed for any 2 genes unlinked. |
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linkage map
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gen.map based on recombination frequencies.
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crossing over
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-recombination of linked genes
-same process has to occasionally break phys. connection btwn spec. genes on same chrom. |
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cytogenic maps
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locate genes with respect to chrom. features.
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nondisjunction
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members of pair of homol chrom don't move apart properly during meiosis 1, or sus chrom fail to separate in meiosis ll.
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trisomic
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-chrom is present in triplicate in Zygote (zn + 1)
-then,mitosistransmits anomaly to somatic /embryonic cells. |
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deletion
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-(alteration of chrom structure)
-chrom. frag. list, chrom missing certain genes. -feletedfrag. may attatch as extra seg. to sis chromatid (duplication) |
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inversion
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-(alteration of chrom structure)
-chrom. frag. reattatched to orig. chrom., but reverse orientation. |
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aneuploidy
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aberrant gamete unites with normal one in fertilization, zygote will have abnormal # of chrom.
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monosomic
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-fertilizatininvolving gamete with no copy of particular chrom.
-missing chrom is zygote. |
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polyploidy
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cgrom alteration in which org. has 2+ complete chrom sets in all somatic cells.
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transcription
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-synth of RNAusing info in DNA
-decoding |
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RNA processig
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enz in euk(?) nucleus modify pre-mRNA in spec. ways before gen. messages are dispatched to cytoplasm.
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gene expression
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prot. are kinked btwn geno/phenotype.
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messenger RNA (mRNA)
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carries gen. message from DNA to prit. synth machinery.
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translation
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-synth of a polypep. using info on mRNA
--synth of polypeptide with mRNA info nucleotide ----am. acid. |
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ribosomes
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sites of translation, facilitate orderly linking of amino acids into polypep. chains.
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primary transcript
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initial RNA transcript
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template strand
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-provides pattern for sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript.
-mRNA is complementary, not identical to template strand. |
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reading frame
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groupings of nucleotides
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molecular components of transcription
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1. RNA polymerase
2. promotes 3. terminator |
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RNA polymerase
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-enz. pries 2 strands DNA apart, joins together RNA nucleotides complementary to DNA template strand.
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promotes
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-DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attatches & initiates transcription.
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terminator
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-in bact., sequence signalling end of transcription.
-pronotes upstream fron terminator. |
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transcriotion factors
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collection of protein that nediate the binding of RNA polymerase & initiation of transcription.
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transcriotion initiation complex
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-whole complex of transcription factors & RNA polymerase ll bound to promotes.
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RNA splicing
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-removal of large portions of initially synthesized RNA molecule , cut and padte job.
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introns
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-noncoding degd. of nuc. acid that lie btwn coding regions aka. intervening dequences.
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exons
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-expressed, translated into amino acid sequences
-to make a primary transcriptfrom a gene, RNA pol ll transcribes introns & exons. -RNA that enterscytoplasm is shorter, introns cut, exons joined. |
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alternate RNA splicing
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-when a gene that codes for 2+ polypeptides depends on how segments are treated as exons.
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spliceosome
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-removes introns, composed of a large complex made of prot. & small RNA, splices exons.
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riboenzymes
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-RNA moles that function as enz
-intron RNA catalyzes own excision. |
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transfer RNA (tRNA)
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-translator of codons to polypeptide
-transfer am. acids from cttoplasm to growing polypep. in ribo. -bring am. acid to ribosome. |
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anticidon
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nucleotide triplet that base pairs to spec. mRNA codon.
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ribosomal RNA (r RNA)
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-along with prot., make up ribo. subunits
-most abundant, there are thou of ribo. -ribo assembled in nucleolus. |
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aminoactyl-tRNA synthetases
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-it's a family of related enzymes that carry out the matching of am.acid to t RNA.
-covalently bands them to each other, them specifically. |
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wobble
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-fkexible basepairing ar a codon position in which the baseU at the 5' end of tRNAcan pair with A or G in 3rd positio at 3' end of mRNA codon.
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P,A,E site
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-Schematic model with mRNA & tRNA.
-P site holds tRNA with griwing polypep. -A site hlds tRNA with next am. acid. -discharged tRNA leave A site. -polypep. grows at carboxyl end. |
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silent mutation
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single nucleotide changed, but it still cides for correct am. acid.
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primary transcript
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initial ENA transcript from any gene prior to processing.
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signal peptide
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-peptide that taegets the prot. to the ER.
-seqyence of about 20 am. acids at/near leading end (...........) of polypeptide. |
