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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Concept Identification
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Task that requires deciding whether an item is an example of a concept, where concepts are typically defined by logical rules
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Conjunctive Rule
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Uses logical relations AND to relate stimulus attributes (such as small & square)
-Both attributes have to be present to be a conjunctive rule |
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Disnjunctive Rule
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Uses logical relations OR to relate stimulus attributes
-A pattern that has either of these attributes |
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Attribute Learning
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Concept identification task in which people are told the logical rule (conjunctive...) but hvae to discover the relevant attributes
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Criticisms of Concept Identification Paradigm
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1)Real-word categories are unlike the categories studied in the lab-Highly artificial & unrelated to the categorization tasks we usually encounter in the real world
2)It assumed that all members of a concept are equally good members - Rules fail to predict typicality ratings -Even if something can be defined on the basis of rules it may contain examples that differ in the typicality effect |
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Natural Categories
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Real-World Categories
-Hierarchical-Each level contains many objects, but the variety decreases as the category becomes smaller -Some members seem to be better representatives of the category than others |
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Superordinate Level Category
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Top of hierarchy - Largest category-Members share few attributes
-(eg)Furniture, tools, vehicles |
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Basic-Level Category
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Intermediate category in middle of hierarchy (eg)Table, saw, truck
- Most important because they're the most differentiated from one another-1st category we learn & most important in language -Avoids: members sharing too few or too many attributes -Members share many attributes but also have attributes that differ -Categorization is fastest at basic-level |
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Subordinate-Level Category
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Bottom of hierarchy-Smallest caegory (eg)Table-lamp, jigsaw, pickup truck
-Members share many attributes |
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Prototype
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An item that typifies the members in a category & is used to represent the category
-Prototype of category is usually the "average"-Represents central tendency -Think of objects from same basic-level (not avg shape of furniture, but avg shape of chair) -Average shape is impossible at superordinate level |
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Family Resemblance
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A measure of how frequently the attributes of a category member are shared by other members of the category
-(eg)A car has wheels as its attribute, so we'd count the vehicles that also have them -Good representatives of a category have high family resemblance |
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Stereotype
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An attribute value believed to be representative of social categories
-Exaggerating within group similarity |
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Prototype Model
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Classification strategy that selects the category whose prototype is the most similar to the classified item
-Doesn't require many comparisons to classify a pattern -Compares novel pattern with single pattern in each category -Person creates prototype to represent each category & classifies a novel pattern by comparing it with the category prototypes |
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Feature Frequency Model
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Classification strategy that selects the category having the most feature matches with the classified item - Matching Features
-Looks at features of the pattern & compares how many times they exactly match features of the category patterns |
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Exemplar Model
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Proposes that patterns are categorized by comparing their similarity to category examples
-Base decisions on examples in the categories -Nearest-neighbor & average distance |