Ch.8 Dna Structure And Function

Front 1

Virus that infects bacteria

Back 1

Bacteriophage

Front 2

Who was Frederick Griffith? Describe the experiment that unexpectantly revealed a clue about DNA'S function.

Back 2

His experiment discovered "bacterial transformation"

Front 3

Explain the Hershey-Chase experiment. What did it prove about DNA?

Back 3

Alfred Hershey a Martha Chase proved that DNA, and not protein, we're injected into the bacterium which is the genetic material of the bacteriophage.

Front 4

A distinct Order of nucleotides in a strand of DNA.

Back 4

DNA Sequence

Front 5

Who is Erwin Chargaff and what did his research in DNA discover?

Back 5

Erwin Chargaff was an Austrian biochemist. Made two important discoveries about DNA in the 1950s:

1. The amounts of Thymine and adenine are identical, as are the amounts of cytosine and guanine (A=T and G=C)

2. DNA of different species differ in the proportions of adenine and guanine.

Front 6

Who is Roslindale Franklin and how did her research play an important role in DNA research?

Back 6

Roslind Franklin, a British biophycisist and X-ray crystallographer discovered the helical shape of the DNA molecule. She made the first clear diffraction image of DNA as it occurred in cells. Identified patterns along the length of a DNA molecule.

Front 7

The study of scattering pattern of an xray as it passes through a crystallized molecule which translates into a specific three-dimensional shape.

Back 7

Crystallography

Front 8

Who were Watson and Crick and what was the significance in their research in DNA?

Back 8

James Watson (American) and Francis Krick (British) created the Watson-Krick model in 1953 in which claimed that DNA structure is helical in structure, containing a sugar-phosphate backbone which form chains running in opposite directions, and paired nitrogenous bases inside.

Hint 8

In 1962, they were awarded a Nobel prize for their work.

Front 9

A chromosome that is the same in males and females.

Back 9

Autosome

Front 10

Of a duplicated eukaryotic chromasome, constricted region where sister chromatids attach to each other.

Back 10

Centromere

Front 11

A structure that consists of DNA and associated proteins; carries part or all of a cell's genetic information.

Back 11

Chromosome

Front 12

The total amount of chromosomes in a cell of a given species.

Back 12

Chromosome Number

Front 13

Having two of each type of chromosome chracteristic of the species

Back 13

Diploid

Hint 13

2n

Front 14

Type of protein that structurally organizes eukaryotic chromosomes

Back 14

Histone

Hint 14

"The bead"

Front 15

Image of an individual's set of chromosomes arranged by size, length, shape and centromere location.

Back 15

Karyotype

Front 16

A length of DNA wound twice around a spool of histone proteins.

Back 16

Nucleosome

Front 17

Member of a pair of chromosomes that differs between males and females.

Back 17

Sex Chromosome

Front 18

The two attached DNA molecules of a duplicated eukaryotic chromosome.

Back 18

Sister Chromatids

Front 19

A tight fiber coil made of histones and other proteins that make up a chromosome.

Back 19

Chromatin Fiber

Front 20

Enzyme that seals gaps in double-stranded DNA.

Back 20

DNA Ligase

Front 21

DNA replication enzyme. Uses one strand of DNA as a template to assemble a complimentary strand from nucleotides.

Back 21

DNA Polymerase

Front 22

Process by which a cell duplicates it's DNA before it divides.

Back 22

DNA Replication

Front 23

Convergence of complementary nucleic acid strands. Arises because of base pairing interactions.

Back 23

Nucleic Acid Hybridization

Front 24

Short, single strand of DNA that base pairs with a targeted DNA sequence.

Back 24

Primer

Front 25

Describes the process of DNA replication, which produces two copies of a DNA molecule: one strand of the copy is new, the other is parental.

Back 25

Semiconservative Replication

Front 26

The amount of length in diameter of a DNA molecule.

Back 26

2nm (nanometers)

Front 27

The amount of length of each full twist of the double helix of DNA.

Back 27

3.4 nm (nanometer)

Front 28

The amount of length between each base pair on a strand of the double helix of DNA.

Back 28

0.34 nm (nanometers)

Front 29

Explain the steps in the process of DNA replication.

Back 29

Front 30

Which end does DNA polymerase attach itself to? Explain the process of creating continuous strand from two single strands of DNA. which directions do they move and do they encounter any problems?

Back 30

Front 31

Permanent change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.

Back 31

Mutation

Front 32

What are examples of replication errors?

Back 32

Wrong bases are added or deleted during DNA replication

Front 33

Physical or chemical agents that cause DNA damage and result in mutations

Back 33

Mutagens

Hint 33

Ex: high energy radiation, UV light in the range of 320-380nm, x-rays and gamma rays, carcinogens.

Front 34

Process by which cells become specialized during development; occurs as different cells in an embryo begin to use different subsets of their DNA.

Back 34

Differentiation

Front 35

Technology that produces genetically identical individuals.

Back 35

Reproductive Cloning

Front 36

Reproductive cloning method in which the DNA of an adult donors body cell is transferred into an unfertilized egg.

Back 36

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)

Front 37

The use of SCNT to produce human embryos for research purposes.

Back 37

Therapeutic Cloning

Front 38

Type of nitrogenous base containing only one carbon ring

Back 38

Pyramidines

Hint 38

Thymine and cytosine are classified as these.

Front 39

Nitrogenous bases containing two carbon rings in structure

Back 39

Purines

Hint 39

Adenine and Guanine are classified as these.

Front 40

Describe the structure of a nucleotide.

Back 40

Contains 1-3phosphate groups, found on carbon 5, A hydroxyl group on carbon3, attached to a 5 or 6 ring carbon sugar with a nitrogenous base containing one or two carbon rings found on carbon 1.

Front 41

Describe the structural differences in DNA.

Back 41

DNA contains deoxyribose sugar, RNA contains ribose sugar, DNA contains Thymine while RNA contains Uracil. DNA is only found withing the nucleus of a cell. RNA can be found within different parts of a cell. DNA has a double strand structure with nitrogenous base pairs within it, RNA contains only one strand.

Front 42

What are the four nitrogenous bases in DNA?

Back 42

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine.

Front 43

The description of the direction in which both strands of DNA are constructed.

Back 43

Antiparallel

Front 44

What are the major enzymes involved in DNA replication?

Back 44

DNA Helicase, DNA Primase, DNA polymerase, and DNA Ligase

Front 45

What is the function of DNA polymerase?

Back 45

Synthesizes a complementary strand to the parent strand. Adds nucleotides only to the 3' end of a growing strand and replicates from a 5'-3' direction.