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91 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Nutrition

Chemical substances called nutrients are acquired from environment for metabolism and growth

Micronutrients

Large quantities


Cell structure


Metabolism


C,H, O

Micronutrients

Trace elements


Maganese, Zn, Ni,


Enzyme fxn


Protein structure

Inorganic

Atoms other than C, H

Cell composition

70 % water


CHONPS


Hetertroph

Must contain Carbon in an organic form

Autotroph

Self feeder


CO2 carbon source


Nitrogen

Gas


DNA,RNA, ATP

Vocab

Saprobes

Free organisms that feed on organic dead organism


Decomposers


Bacteria n fungi


Rigid cell wall engulf small particles


Secrete enzymes


Parasites

Derive nutrient from cells or tissues of host

Carbon

Organic compounds


Carbs, lipid, nucleic acids and proteins


Enzymatic fxn of cell


O2 20% atmosphere

Hydrogen Source

Major in organic compound


Water 70%, salts, gas


1) maintain pH


2) forming hydrogen bonds between molecules


3)source of free energy in oxidation and reduction rxns

Phosphorus

PO4 phosphate --》nucleic acids, phospholipids


H3PO4 phosphoric acid


Rocks and minerals


Ex Cprynebacterium conc. and store granule in cytoplasm



Sulfur

Sulfate SO4, sulfides, gas


Vit B1


Amino acids-methionine and cysteine


Shape of proteins by disulfide bonds



Minerals

K, Na,Ca,Mg,Cl,Fe, Mn

K

Protein synthesis


Membrane fxn

Na

Cell transport

Ca

Stabilizer of cell wall


Endospores of bacteria

Mg

Chlorophyll


Stabilizer of ribosomes

Fe

Cytochrome proteins


Cell respiration

Zn

Regulatory element for Eukaryotic genetics


"Zinc fingers"

Growth factor

Organism cannot synthesize


Must be provided as nutrient

How do microbes feed?

Autotroph/CO2:


Phototroph


Chemotroph



Hetertroph/Organic


Photohererptroph


Chemoheterptroph


Parasite


Sacrobe


Phototroph gets energy from?

Energy from light

Chemotroph gets energy from?

Chemicals

Photoautotroph

Phtosynthetic


Energy from Xrays and transform into chemical energy


Algae, plants, bacteria all use by themselves ie auto

Chemoautotrophs

Two groups:


Chemoorganic autotrophs


Lithoautotrophs

Chemoorganic autotrphs

Use organic compounds for energy


Inorganic as Carbon source

Lithoautotrophs

Rely only on inorganic minerals


Remove e- from inorganic substrates H2

Methanogens

Produce methane gas from hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide

Chemoheterotrophs

Derive carbon and energy from organic compounds



Respiration or fermemtation making ATP

Aerobic respiration

Energy yielding pathway in animals


Protozoa, fungi, and aerobic bacteria

Obligate saprobes

Strictly dead organic matter in soil and water


Unable to adapt to host


Protozoa,fungi bacteria

If saprobe does infect a host it's called?

Facultative parasite

Opportunistic pathogen

Not usually pathogenic

Pathogen

Parasites


Damage tissues

Diffusion

Gradient from high to low density


Accross cell membrane gradiemt

Osmosis

Movement of Water across a selectively permeable membrane


Aquaporins

Isotonic

Iso- same


External and internal equal

Hypotonic conditions

Hypo- under


Outside has fewer molecules


Water goes in

Hypertonic

Water diffuses out


Plasmolysis shrink

Osmotic pressure

Forces water to diffuse out of cell

Facilitated diffusion

Uses carrier protein

Specificity

Transport certain or few molecules

Saturation

Transport limited to bindings site on transport proteins

Competition

Two molecules can bind to the sane binding site on carrier protein

Active transport

1.Transport nutrients against diffusion gradient


2. Specific proteins


3. Uses energy

Endcytosis

Carried into cell

Phagocytosis

Amoebas


Wbc


Ingest whole cells our large matter


Type of endocytosis

Pinocytosis

Liquids like pills inn solution enter cell

Temp groups

Psychrophile

-15°C optimal

Psychtroph

15-30°C

Mesophile

10-50°C


Humans 37°C

Thermophile

45-80°C

Extreme thermophile

80-121°C

Gases

O2, CO2


O2 greatest impact on growth

Aerobe

Need oxygen

Obligate

Cannot grow workout oxygen

Facultative anaerobe

Doesn't require oxygen

Anaerobe

Cannot tolerate oxygen

Aerotolerant anaerobes

Did not utilize oxygen but can survive and grown in limited amts

Capnophiles

Grow best at higher CO2

PH

0-14


7 water


Blood 7.3, CO2 7.0


Osmophiles

High solute concentration

Halophiles

Salt lover

Facultative halophiles

Resistant to salt


S.a

Barophiles

Deap sea


Under pressure

Mutualism

Mutual relationship

Symbiosis

Live together

Commensalism

Receive benefit without harming host

Satellitism

one provides nutritional or protective factors

Parasitism

Host provides nutrient, harms host

Antaganism

Competition within biofilms

Antibiosis

Inhibitory compounds such as antibiotics

Synergism

Relationship between 2 or more

Quorum sensing

Interact with same species and other species


Chemical exchanges


Release

Normal microbiota

Live on skin

Binary fission

One cell becomes 2

Generation

Complete fission cycle


Parent to two daughter cells

Exponential growth

Doubles

Lag phase

Flat

Exponential growth LOG

Adequate nutrients

Stationary

Population enters survival mode

Death

Curve drops


Depends on resistance


Bacteria dormant endospores

Chemostat

Automatic growth chamber


Stay growth

Turbid

Cloudy solution


Microbes grow in our

Direct cell count

Counting number of cells in a sample microscopically


Blood count

Coulture counter

Electronically scans a culture as it passes through a tiny pipette

Flow cytometer

Differentiate between live and dead cells