Ch.53 Iggy

Front 1

Osteoporosis

Back 1

- Decreased bonemass

- Lack of calcium

is a chronic metabolic disease in which boneloss causes decreased density and possible fracture. It is oftenreferred to as a “silent disease” because the first sign of osteo-porosis in most people follows some kind of a fracture.

Front 2

bone remodeling.

Back 2

Bone is a dynamic tissue that is constantly undergoing changes in a process

Front 3

osteopenia

Back 3

low bone mass

Front 4

osteoclastic

Back 4

(bone resorption)

Front 5

osteoblastic

Back 5

(bone building)

Front 6

bone mineral density (BMD).

Back 6

BMD determines bone strength andpeaks between 25 and 30 years of age. Before and during thepeak years, osteoclastic activity and osteoblastic activity workat the same rate.

Front 7

Trabecular, or cancellous

Back 7

spongy

Front 8

cortical

Back 8

(compact)

Front 9

Generalized osteoporosis involves many structures in the skeletonand is further divided into two categories, primary and sec-ondary.

Front 10

Primary osteoporosis

Back 10

is more common and occurs in postmenopausal women and in men in their seventh or eighth decade of life.

- is caused by a combination of genetic,lifestyle, and environmental factors

Front 11

Secondary osteoporosis

Back 11

may result from other medical condi- tions, such as hyperparathyroidism; long-term drug therapy, such as with corticosteroids; or prolonged immobility, such as that seen with spinal cord injury

Front 12

Regional osteoporosis

Back 12

an example of secondary disease, occurs when a limb is immobilized related to a fracture, injury, or paralysis.

Front 13

dual x-rayabsorptiometry (DXA)

Back 13

The most commonly used screening and diagnostic tool for measuring bone mineral density (BMD)

- It is the best tool currently avail-able for a definite diagnosis of osteoporosis

Front 14

Bone-specific alka-line phosphatase (BSAP)

Back 14

is found in the cell membrane of the osteoblast and indicates bone formation status.

Front 15

Osteocalcin

Back 15

is a protein substance in bone and increases during bone resorp- tion activity.

Front 16

Osteomalacia

Back 16

- Demineralized bone

-is loss of bone related to a vitamin D deficiency.

- the adult equivalent ofrickets, or vitamin D deficiency, in children.

Front 17

oncogenic or tumor-induced osteomalacia

Back 17

Osteomalacia can alsobe caused by bone tumors

Front 18

Paget’s disease, or osteitis deformans

Back 18

, is a chronic metabolicdisorder in which bone is excessively broken down (osteoclastic activity) and re-formed (osteoblastic activity)

Front 19

osteomyelitis.

Back 19

Bacteria, viruses, or fungi can cause infection in bone knownas

Front 20

sequestrum

Back 20

Thisarea of necrotic bone separates from surrounding bone tissue,and ____ is formed

Front 21

exogenous

Back 21

Osteomyelitis is categorized as ________, in which infectious organisms enter from outside the body as in an openfracture

Front 22

endogenous

Back 22

in which organisms are carried by the bloodstream from other areas of infection in the body.

-Osteomyelitis is categorized _____

Front 23

Endogenous osteomyelitis

Back 23

- also be referred to as hemAtogenous osteomyelitis.

-A third category is contiguous, inwhich bone infection results from skin infection of adjacenttissues.

Front 24

Acute hematogenous infection

Back 24

resultsfrom bacteremia, underlying disease, or nonpenetratingtrauma

Front 25

chronic osteomyelitis

Back 25

If bone infection is misdiagnosed or inadequately treated,_________may develop.

- The most common type ofosteomyelitis

-Ulceration of the skin

-Sinus tract formation

-Localized pain

-Drainage from the affected area

Front 26

acute osteomyelitis

Back 26

- Fever; temperature usuallyabove 101° F

-Swelling around the affectedarea

-Erythema of the affected area

- Tenderness of the affected area

- Bone pain that is constant, localized, and pulsating; intensifieswith movement

Front 27

Benign (noncancerous) bone tumors

Back 27

are often asymptomatic and may be discovered on routine x-ray examination or as the cause of pathologic fractures

Front 28

Tumors may arise from several typesof tissue. The major classifications include

Back 28

chondrogenic tumors (from cartilage)

osteogenic tumors (from bone)

fibrogenic tumors (from fibrous tissue and found most often in children)

Front 29

Osteosarcoma, or osteogenic sarcoma,

Back 29

is the most common type of primary malignant bone tumor.

Front 30

Allografts

Back 30

with adjacent tendons and ligaments are harvested from cadavers and can be frozen or freeze-dried for a pro- longed period.

Front 31

percutaneous cordotomy

Back 31

Although not commonly done, patients with metastatic disease intractable (not reversible) pain can be surgically treated with ____ _______

-(cutting of the spinal nerve roots).

Front 32

Cryosurgery

Back 32

(cold application) may reduce pain and tumor size.

Front 33

Dupuytren’s contracture, or deformity

Back 33

is a slowly progres- sive thickening of the palmar fascia, resulting in flexion con- tracture of the fourth (ring) and fifth (little) fingers of the hand.

Front 34

ganglion

Back 34

is a round, benign cyst, often found on a wrist or foot joint or tendon.

Front 35

hallux valgus

Back 35

deformity is a common foot problem in which the great toe drifts laterally at the first metatarsopha- langeal (MTP) joint

- The first metatarsal head becomes enlarged, resulting in a bunion.

Front 36

bunionectomy,

Back 36

involvesremoval of the bony overgrowth and bursa and realignment.

Front 37

osteotomies

Back 37

When other toe deformities accompany the condition or if the bony overgrowth is large, several ___________, or bone resections, may be performed.

Front 38

hammertoe

Back 38

is the dorsiflexion of any MTP joint with plantar flexion ofthe proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint next to it. Thesecond toe is most often affected

- treated by surgical correction of thedeformity with osteotomies (bone resections) and the inser-tion of wires or screws for fixation.

Front 39

Morton’s neuroma

Back 39

or plantar digitalneuritis, a small tumor grows in a digital nerve of the foot.

Front 40

Plantar fasciitis

Back 40

is an inflammation of the plantar fascia, which is located in the area of the arch of the foot

Front 41

Scoliosis

Back 41

occurs when the vertebrae rotate and begin to com-press

- The spinal column begins to move into a lateral curve,most commonly in the right lateral thoracic area

Front 42

lordosis,

Back 42

A loss of lumbar curvature--- described as “flatback” syndrome, may also be present

Front 43

dystrophin

Back 43

The major pathologic change that occurs in most types of MD is theproduction or faulty action of a muscle protein called _______

Front 44

muscular dystrophy (MD)

Back 44

-