Ch.5 Human Body (Skeletal Anatomy & Physiology)

Front 1

The Skeleton

Back 1

206 bones that give us shape, protect our vital organs, and allow us to move.

Front 2

Ligament

Back 2

connect bones to each other

Front 3

Tendons

Back 3

connect muscles to bones

Front 4

Cartilage

Back 4

soft, semi flexible material found within the joints. Cushion between bones

Front 5

2 main portions of the skeleton

Back 5

Axial skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

Front 6

Axial Skeleton

Back 6

Axial skeleton - runs in a straight line from the head to the pelvis. It forms the foundation on which the arms and legs are hung. Composed of the skull, face, thoracic cage, and vertebral column.

Front 7

Appendicular skeleton

Back 7

Appendicular skeleton - is made up of the arms and legs and the pelvis. The arms and legs, their connection points, and the pelvis

Front 8

Skull bone groups

Back 8

2 groups of bones:

- Cranium (protects the brain)

- Facial

Has a 1:1 correlation to brains lobes

Front 9

Cranium

Back 9

composed of thick bones fusing together to form a shell above eyes and ears, holding and protecting brain.

Front 10

foramen magnum

Back 10

brain connects to the spinal cord through this large opening at the base of the skull.

Front 11

4 major bones of the cranium

Back 11

occiput: most posterior portion

temporal: lateral portions, the temples.

parietal: between the temporal and occiput

frontal: forehead

Front 12

Facial bones

Back 12

Maxillae, Zygomas, Mandible, Orbit

Front 13

Maxillae:

Back 13

upper, non-moveable jawbones

Front 14

Zygoma:

Back 14

cheek bones

Front 15

Mandible

Back 15

lower, moveable portion of the jaw

Front 16

Orbit

Back 16

eye socket, made up of 2 facial bones (maxilla and zygoma). Also includes the frontal bone of the cranium

Front 17

Spinal Column

Back 17

Central supporting structure, composed of 33 bones, called vertebrae. Each vertebrae are named according to the section of the spine in which thy lie, numbered from top to bottom (in 5 sections: Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacrum, Coccyx).

Front 18

Cervical Spine

Back 18

C1-C7 in the neck. Skull rests on the 1st cervical vertebrae (the atlas) and articulates with it.

Front 19

Thoracic spine

Back 19

next 12 vertebrae. one pair of ribs is attached to each of the thoracic vertebrae

Front 20

Lumbar spine

Back 20

the next 5 vertebrae form the lumber spine

Front 21

Sacrum

Back 21

5 sacral vertebrae are fused together to from one bone- the sacrum. The sacrum is joined to the iliac bones of the pelvis with ligaments at the sacroiliac joints to form the pelvis.

Front 22

Coccyx

Back 22

last 4 vertebrae, also fused together, form the coccyx, or tailbone

Front 23

intervertebral disk

Back 23

cushion between each vertebrae, that, along with ligaments, allow some motion so trunk can bend and rotate. They also limit motion of the vertebrae so the spinal cord is not injured

Front 24

PT ASSESSMENT: Spinal Cord Injury

Back 24

an injury to the spine may damage part of the spinal cord and its nerves may not be protected by the vertebrae. Therefore, until the injury is stabilized, one must use extreme caution to prevent injury to spinal cord.

Front 25

Thorax

Back 25

thoracic cavity (chest) contains heart, lungs, esophagus, and great vessels (aorta and two venue cavae). it is formed by the 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12) and their 12 pairs of ribs.

Front 26

Upper Extremity

Back 26

extends from the shoulder girdle, to the fingertips, made of the arm, forearm, hand and fingers. the joints are the elbow, wrist, and finger joints.

Front 27

Shoulder Girdle

Back 27

point where 3 bones come together, allowing arm to be moved. Clavicle (collarbone- most commonly fractured bone in the body), Scapula (shoulder blade), and the Humerus (supporting bone of the arm).

Front 28

arm

Back 28

large bone (humerus), forearm (radius and ulna). Radius lies on the lateral, or thumb, side of the forearm, and ulna is on the medial or little finger side.

Front 29

wrist

Back 29

modified ball-and-socket joint formed by the ends of the radius and ulna and wrist bones- 8 carpal bones, 5 metacarpals (base for fingers/digits), phalanges (fingers)

Front 30

pelvis

Back 30

consists of sacrum, and 2 pelvic bones. Pelvic bones are formed by 3 bones fused posteriorly by the sacrum: ilium, ischium, and pubis. Also includes pubic symphysis.

Front 31

Pubic symphasis

Back 31

A hard, bony, cartilaginous prominence found at the midline in lowermost portion of abdomen where the 2 halves of pelvic ring are joined by cartilage at a joint with minimal motion.

Front 32

Sternum

Back 32

breast bone. upper section: manubrium, body, xiphoid process. Superior border forms palpable jugular notch- where the trachea enters the chest.

Front 33

Parts of the Lower Extremity

Back 33

femur, femoral head, greater and lesser trochanters, patella, tibia, and fibula

Front 34

Femur

Back 34

(thigh bone) longest and strongest hone in the body. Superior end: femoral head - where the femur connects into acetabulum (pelvic girdle) by ball-and-joint socket. greater and lesser trochanters are the 2 projections

Front 35

Greater and Lesser Tochanter

Back 35

Greater: projection on the lateral/superior portion of the femur.

Lesser: projection on the medial/superior portion of the femur.

Both projections are anchor points where the major muscles of the thigh connect to the femur.

Front 36

Patella

Back 36

(Knee cap). Hinge joint, allows only flexion and extension between the distal femur and proximal tibia.

Front 37

Tibia and Fibula

Back 37

Tibia: (shin bone)- larger bone, lies in anterior leg. palpable on anterior surface of the leg.

Fibula: lies on lateral side of leg. can palpate head of fibula on lateral aspect of knee joint.

Front 38

Ankle and Foot

Back 38

Ankle is hinge joint, allows flexion and extension of the foot. Foot contains 7 tarsal bones- talus and calcaneus (heel), 5 metatarsals, 14 phalanges (2 in the great toe and 3 in the smaller).

Front 39

Joints

Back 39

wherever two long bones come in contact, joints (articulations) formed. Consists of bone ends, fibrous joint capsule, synovial membrane, and ligaments. The degree to which a joint can move is determined by how the ligaments hold the bone ends and by the configuration of the bones themselves.

Front 40

Synovial membrane & fluid

Back 40

membrane: in the inner lining of a joint capsule, tissue responsible for making a thick lubricant (synovial fluid).

fluid- 'oil' that allows ends of bones to glide over each other, instead of grating and rubbing (Crepidis)

Front 41

Ball-and- socket and Hinge Joints

Back 41

B-S: allows rotation and bending ie. shoulder

Hinge: motion restricted to one plane. They can only flex and extend. ie. elbow

Front 42

PT Assessment: skeletal injury

Back 42

broken leg: ask yourself: is there bleeding in the leg? damage to the nerves, tendons, or ligaments? has the injury broken skin, and now risk of infection?

A seemingly simple illness or injury can involve several body systems.

Front 43

Skeletal System: Physiology (Functions)

Back 43

Gives body shape, Protects internal organs, Allows for movement

Storage and release of calcium (main element of bones cells) to make hard and resilient bones, and for other body systems. Bones are constantly being made and destroyed with stress.

Creates various types of blood cells-- the marrow of some bones, special cells are present that can transform themselves into red or white blood cells, and platelets (help to replace worn out cells in the blood).