Ch. 8 Water And Minerals

Front 1

MAJOR MINERALS: Calcium

Function?

Back 1

The principal mineral of bones and teeth.

Also acts in normal muscle contraction and relaxation, nerve functioning, regulation of cell activities, blood clotting, blood pressure, and immune defenses.

Front 2

MAJOR MINERALS: Calcium

Deficiency Symptoms?

Back 2

Stunted growth in children; adult bone loss (osteoporosis).

Front 3

MAJOR MINERALS: Calcium

Toxicity Symptoms?

Back 3

Constipation; urinary tract stone formation; kidney dysfunction; interference w/ absorption of other minerals.

Front 4

MAJOR MINERALS: Calcium

Significant Sources?

Back 4

Milk and milk products, oysters, small fish (with bones), calcium-set tofu (bean curd), certain leafy greens, broccoli, legumes

Front 5

MAJOR MINERALS: Phosphorus

Function?

Back 5

Mineralization of bones and teeth; important in cells’ genetic material, in cell membranes as phospholipids, in energy transfer, and in buffering systems.

Front 6

MAJOR MINERALS: Phosphorus

Deficiency Symptoms?

Back 6

Appetite loss, bone pain, muscle weakness, impaired growth, and rickets in infants.

Front 7

MAJOR MINERALS: Phosphorus

Toxicity Symptoms?

Back 7

Calcification of non-skeletal tissues, particularly the kidney

Front 8

MAJOR MINERALS: Phosphorus

Significant Sources?

Back 8

Foods from animal sources, some legumes.

Front 9

MAJOR MINERALS: Magnesium

Function?

Back 9

A factor involved in bone mineralization, the building of protein, enzyme action, normal muscular function, transmission of nerve impulses, proper immune function and maintenance of teeth.

Front 10

MAJOR MINERALS: Magnesium

Deficiency Symptoms?

Back 10

Weakness; muscle twitches; appetite loss; confusion;

if extreme: convulsions, bizarre movements (especially of eyes and face), hallucinations, and difficulty in swallowing

In children: growth failure

Front 11

MAJOR MINERALS: Magnesium

Toxicity Symptoms?

Back 11

Excess magnesium from abuse of laxatives (Epsom salts) causes diarrhea with fluid & electrolyte & pH imbalances

Front 12

MAJOR MINERALS: Magnesium

Significant Sources?

Back 12

Nuts, legumes, whole grains, dark green vegetables, seafoods, chocolate, cocoa

Front 13

MAJOR MINERALS: Sodium

Function?

Back 13

Sodium, chloride, and potassium (electrolytes) maintain normal fluid balance & acid-base balance in the body. Sodium is critical to nerve impulse transmission.

Front 14

MAJOR MINERALS: Sodium

Deficiency Symptoms?

Back 14

Muscle cramps, mental apathy, loss of appetite

Front 15

MAJOR MINERALS: Sodium

Toxicity Symptoms?

Back 15

Hypertension

Front 16

MAJOR MINERALS: Sodium

Significant Sources?

Back 16

Salt, soy sauce, seasoning mixes, processed foods, condiments, fast foods.

Front 17

MAJOR MINERALS: Potassium

Function?

Back 17

Facilitates reactions, including the making of protein; the maintenance of fluid & electrolyte balance; the support of cell integrity; the transmission of nerve impulses; and the contraction of muscles, including the heart.

Front 18

MAJOR MINERALS: Potassium

Deficiency Symptoms?

Back 18

Deficiency accompanies dehydration; causes muscular weakness, paralysis, and confusion; can cause death

Front 19

MAJOR MINERALS: Potassium

Toxicity Symptoms?

Back 19

Causes muscular weakness; triggers vomiting; if given into a vein, can stop the heart.

Front 20

MAJOR MINERALS: Potassium

Significant Sources?

Back 20

All whole foods: meats, milk, fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes

Front 21

MAJOR MINERALS: Chloride

Function?

Back 21

Chloride is part of the hydrochloric acid found in the stomach, necessary for proper digestion. Helps maintain normal fluid & electrolyte balance

Front 22

MAJOR MINERALS: Chloride

Deficiency Symptoms?

Back 22

Growth failure in children; muscle cramps, mental apathy, loss of appetite; can cause death (uncommon).

Front 23

MAJOR MINERALS: Chloride

Toxicity Symptoms?

Back 23

Normally harmless (the gas chlorine is a poison but evaporates from water); can cause vomiting.

Front 24

MAJOR MINERALS: Chloride

Significant Sources?

Back 24

Salt, soy sauce; moderate quantities in whole, unprocessed foods, large amounts in processed foods.

Front 25

MAJOR MINERALS: Sulfate

Function?

Back 25

A contributor of sulfur to many important compounds, such as a certain amino acids, antioxidants, and the vitamins biotin and thiamin; stabilizes protein shape by forming sulfur-sulfur bridges (see Fig. 6-10 in Ch. 6, p. 197).

Front 26

MAJOR MINERALS: Sulfate

Deficiency Symptoms?

Back 26

None known; protein deficiency would occur first.

Front 27

MAJOR MINERALS: Sulfate

Toxicity Symptoms?

Back 27

Would occur only if sulfur amino acids were eaten in excess; this (in animals) depresses growth

Front 28

MAJOR MINERALS: Sulfate

Significant Sources?

Back 28

All protein-containing foods.

Front 29

TRACE MINERALS: Iodine

Function?

Back 29

A component of the thyroid hormone thyroxine, which helps to regulate growth, development, and metabolic rate.

Front 30

TRACE MINERALS: Iodine

Deficiency Symptoms?

Back 30

Goiter, cretinism

Front 31

MAJOR MINERALS: Chloride

Function?

Back 31

Chloride is part of the hydrochloric acid found in the stomach, necessary for proper digestion. Helps maintain normal fluid & electrolyte balance

Front 32

MAJOR MINERALS: Chloride

Deficiency Symptoms?

Back 32

Growth failure in children; muscle cramps, mental apathy, loss of appetite; can cause death (uncommon).

Front 33

MAJOR MINERALS: Chloride

Toxicity Symptoms?

Back 33

Normally harmless (the gas chlorine is a poison but evaporates from water); can cause vomiting.

Front 34

MAJOR MINERALS: Chloride

Significant Sources?

Back 34

Salt, soy sauce; moderate quantities in whole, unprocessed foods, large amounts in processed foods.

Front 35

MAJOR MINERALS: Sulfate

Function?

Back 35

A contributor of sulfur to many important compounds, such as a certain amino acids, antioxidants, and the vitamins biotin and thiamin; stabilizes protein shape by forming sulfur-sulfur bridges (see Fig. 6-10 in Ch. 6, p. 197).

Front 36

MAJOR MINERALS: Sulfate

Deficiency Symptoms?

Back 36

None known; protein deficiency would occur first.

Front 37

MAJOR MINERALS: Sulfate

Toxicity Symptoms?

Back 37

Would occur only if sulfur amino acids were eaten in excess; this (in animals) depresses growth

Front 38

MAJOR MINERALS: Sulfate

Significant Sources?

Back 38

All protein-containing foods.

Front 39

TRACE MINERALS: Iodine

Function?

Back 39

A component of the thyroid hormone thyroxine, which helps to regulate growth, development, and metabolic rate.

Front 40

TRACE MINERALS: Iodine

Deficiency Symptoms?

Back 40

Goiter, cretinism

Front 41

TRACE MINERALS: Iodine

Toxicity Symptoms?

Back 41

Depressed thyroid activity; goiter-like thyroid enlargement

Front 42

TRACE MINERALS: Iodine

Significant Sources?

Back 42

Iodized salt; seafood; bread; plants grown in most parts of the country & animals fed those plants.

Front 43

TRACE MINERALS: Iron

Function?

Back 43

Part of the protein hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the blood; part of the protein myoglobin in muscles, which makes oxygen available for muscle contraction; necessary for the use of energy.

Front 44

TRACE MINERALS: Iron

Deficiency Symptoms?

Back 44

Anemia: weakness, fatigue, pale skin & mucus membranes, pale concave nails, headaches, inability to concentrate, impaired cognitive function (children), lowered cold tolerance

Front 45

TRACE MINERALS: Iron

Toxicity Symptoms?

Back 45

Iron overload: fatigue, abdominal pain, infections, liver injury, joint pain, skin pigmentation, growth retardation in children, bloody stools, shock.

Front 46

TRACE MINERALS: Iron

Significant Sources?

Back 46

Red meats, fish, poultry, shellfish, eggs, legumes, green leafy vegetables, dried fruits.

Front 47

TRACE MINERALS: Zinc

Function?

Back 47

Associated with hormones; needed for many enzymes; involved in making genetic material & proteins, immune cell activation, transport of vitamin A, taste perception, wound healing, the making of sperm, and normal fetal development.

Front 48

TRACE MINERALS: Zinc

Deficiency Symptoms?

Back 48

Growth failure in children, dermatitis, sexual retardation, loss of taste, poor wound healing.

Front 49

TRACE MINERALS: Zinc

Toxicity Symptoms?

Back 49

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite, headache, immune suppression, decreased HDL, reduced iron & copper status.

Front 50

TRACE MINERALS: Zinc

Significant Sources?

Back 50

Protein-containing foods: meats, fish, shellfish, poultry, grains, yogurt.

Front 51

TRACE MINERALS: Selenium

Function?

Back 51

Assists a group of enzymes that defend against oxidation.

Front 52

TRACE MINERALS: Selenium

Deficiency Symptoms?

Back 52

Predisposition to a form of heart disease characterized by fibrous cardiac tissue (uncommon).

Front 53

TRACE MINERALS: Selenium

Toxicity Symptoms?

Back 53

Nausea; abdominal pain; nail and hair changes; nerve, liver, and muscle damage

Front 54

TRACE MINERALS: Selenium

Significant Sources?

Back 54

Seafoods, organ meats; other meats, whole grains, and vegetables depending on soil content.

Front 55

TRACE MINERALS: Fluoride

Function?

Back 55

Helps form bones & teeth; confers decay resistance on teeth

Front 56

TRACE MINERALS: Fluoride

Deficiency Symptoms?

Back 56

Susceptibility to tooth decay.

Front 57

TRACE MINERALS: Fluoride

Toxicity Symptoms?

Back 57

Fluorosis (discoloration) of teeth, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, chest pain, itching.

Front 58

TRACE MINERALS: Fluoride

Significant Sources?

Back 58

Drinking water if fluoride-containing or fluoridated; tea; seafood.

Front 59

TRACE MINERALS: Chromium

Function?

Back 59

Associated w/ insulin; needed for energy release from glucose

Front 60

TRACE MINERALS: Chromium

Deficiency Symptoms?

Back 60

Abnormal glucose metabolism

Front 61

TRACE MINERALS: Chromium

Toxicity Symptoms?

Back 61

Possibly skin eruptions

Front 62

TRACE MINERALS: Chromium

Significant Sources?

Back 62

Meat, unrefined grains, vegetable oils

Front 63

TRACE MINERALS: Copper

Function?

Back 63

Helps form hemoglobin; part of several enzymes.

Front 64

TRACE MINERALS: Copper

Deficiency Symptoms?

Back 64

Anemia; bone abnormalities

Front 65

TRACE MINERALS: Copper

Toxicity Symptoms?

Back 65

Vomiting, diarrhea; liver damage

Front 66

TRACE MINERALS: Copper

Significant Sources?

Back 66

Organ meats, seafood, nuts, seeds, whole grains, drinking water.