Ch. 8 - Cardiovascular Drugs (Book)

Front 1

Functions of cardiovascular system:

To deliver what 4 things throughout body?

Back 1

1. oxygen

2. nutrients

3. hormones

4. waste transport

Front 2

Electrical impulses of the heartbeat originate in the _______________.

Back 2

SA node

(sinoatrial node)

Front 3

Heart rate is controlled primarily by the autonomic nervous system:

1. Stimulation of parasympathetic NS _______ HR.

2. Stimulation of sympathetic NS _______ HR.

Back 3

1. slows HR

2. increases HR

Front 4

Heart Rhythm:

_________ is contraction of heart chambers

_________ is relaxation of heart chambers

Back 4

systole

diastole

Front 5

Normal heart beat is called ________ _________ _____________.

Back 5

normal sinus rhythm

Front 6

In an arrhythmia, the HR _________________.

Back 6

Goes up

Front 7

Workload of the heart is divided into ___________ and _____________.

Back 7

preload

afterload

Front 8

What is preload?

What is after load?

Back 8

The volume of blood entering the RIGHT side of the heart

The force needed to PUSH the blood out of the ventricles

Front 9

If the heart is not properly working, it can compensate in several ways.

Name 4:

Back 9

1. enlarge itself

2. increase HR

3. increase stroke volume

4. increase efficiency

Front 10

What are the 3 major types of vessels?

Back 10

1. arteries

2. veins

3. capillaries

Front 11

An artery is a blood vessel that carries blood ____________________ the heart.

Veins are low-pressure collecting systems that carry blood _____________________ the heart.

Capillaries are single-cell-thick vessels that connect the ______________ and ____________ systems.

Back 11

1. away from

2. back to

3. arterial and venous

Front 12

Blood pressure flows from areas of _____________ pressure to areas of __________ pressure.

Back 12

high

low

Front 13

Blood pressure is determined by what 3 things?

Back 13

1. stroke volume

2. heart rate

3. peripheral vascular resistance

Front 14

Blood supplies the body with what 3 things?

Back 14

1. oxygen

2. nutrients

3. various chemicals

Front 15

What else does blood transport?

Back 15

waste

Front 16

Blood cells also play an important role in the ______________ and _____________ systems.

Back 16

immune

endocrine

Front 17

Cardiovascular Conditions:

__________________ is a syndrome that can occur with any disorder that overworks or damages the heart muscle.

Back 17

Congestive heart failure

Front 18

Cardiovascular Conditions:

Conditions that lead to congestive heart failure: (3)

Back 18

1. cardiomyopathy

(caused by infections, genetics, or degeneration)

2. hypertension

3. valvular disease

(pressure, endocarditis, genetic disorders)

Front 19

Cardiovascular Conditions:

Cardiac arrhythmia is a disruption in the cardiac ______________ or ____________.

Back 19

rate

rhythm

Front 20

Cardiovascular Conditions:

Arrhythmias interfere with the _________ of the heart and can disrupt _________ ____________.

Back 20

work

cardiac output

Front 21

Cardiovascular Conditions:

Cardiac arrhythmias can be caused by: (3)

Back 21

1. changes in the RATE

2. stimulation from an ectopic focus

3. alterations in conduction of the muscle

Front 22

Cardiovascular Conditions:

These changes (that cause cardiac arrhythmias) can be caused by: (5 things)

Back 22

1. electrolyte disturbance

2. decrease in O2 delivered to cells

3. structural damage

4. accumulation of waste products

5. acidosis

Front 23

Cardiovascular Disease:

Alterations in blood pressure may result in what two conditions?

Back 23

1. hypertension

2. hypotension

Front 24

Cardiovascular Disease:

Hypertension results in _____________ __________ put on the vessels of the vascular system...

Leads to thickening of the ________ ____________.

Back 24

prolonged force

left ventricle

(pushing against higher pressure)

Right side only pushes blood to lungs...left has to pump it to entire body

Front 25

Cardiovascular Disease:

Hypotension results in the tissues of the body __________________________________.

It allows _________ products to accumulate and cells to die from lack of ________.

Back 25

not receiving sufficient amounts of O2

waste

O2

Front 26

Cardiovascular Drugs:

What are the 3 main types (can be either positively or negatively charged?

Back 26

1. Inotropic

2. Chronotropic

3. Dromotropic

Front 27

Inotropic drugs affect the ___________________.

Chronotropic drugs affect _____ by altering _____________________________.

Dromotropic drugs affect ________________ of electrical impulses.

Back 27

1. force of myocardial contraction

2. heart rate / rate of impulse formation at SA node

3. conduction

Front 28

Cardiovascular Drugs:

Inotropic:

Positive Inotropic drugs increase the force of ______________ ______________.

Negative Inotropic drugs ______________ the force.

Back 28

myocardial contraction

decrease

Front 29

Cardiovascular Drugs:

Chronotropic

Positive Chronotropic drugs increase __________ ____________ by altering the ___________ of impulse formation at the ______________.

Back 29

heart rate

rate

SA node

Front 30

Negative Chronotropic drugs ___________ HR by altering the rate of _____________ ____________ at the SA node.

Back 30

decrease

impulse formation

Front 31

Cardiovascular Drugs:

Dromotropic drugs:

Positive dromotropic drugs increase the ______________ of electrical impulses

Negative dromotropic drugs ____________.

Back 31

conduction

decrease the conduction of electrical impulses

Front 32

Ionotropic drugs have to do with:

Chronotropic drugs deal with:

Dromotropic drugs are related to:

Back 32

1. muscle contraction

2. rate of impulse formation @ SA node

3. conduction

Front 33

Increasing Force:

Increasing the force of contraction ___________ the heart rate.

Back 33

slows

Front 34

Increasing Force:

Positive Inotropes: name 2

Back 34

1. Cardiac glycosides

2. Catecholamines

Front 35

Increasing Force:

Cardiac glycosides:

1. ______________ strength of cardiac contractions.

2. ____________ heart rate

3. Have an __________________ effect.

4. Decrease signs of __________________.

Back 35

1. Increase

2. Decrease / slow

3. anti-arrhytmia

4. dyspnea

Front 36

Increasing Force:

Side effects of Cardiac glycosides (4)

Back 36

1. anorexia

2. vomiting

3. diarrhea

4. cardia arrhythmias

Front 37

Increasing Force:

2 Examples of Positive Intotropic Cardiac glycosides:

Back 37

1. digoxin

2 digitoxin

**slow and steady

Front 38

Increasing Force:

Increasing Force:

Catecholamines:

1. Increase the __________ and ___________ of myocardial contraction.

2. _________________ peripheral blood vessels.

3. _________________ blood glucose levels.

Back 38

1. force / rate

2. Constrict

3. Increase

Front 39

Increasing Force:

Catecholamines basically do what to the heart?

Back 39

jump start

Front 40

Increasing Force:

Name 4 Catecholamines

Back 40

1. epinephrine

2. dopamine

3. dobutamine

4. isoproterenol

Front 41

Increasing Force:

Benzimidazole-pyridazinones:

1. Increase the force of __________.

2. Cause ________________ of the blood vessels.

Back 41

1. contractions

2. widening (vasodilation)

Front 42

Increasing Force:

Benzimidazole-pyridazinones:

Side effects include (4):

Back 42

1. anorexia

2. diarrhea

3. lethargy

4. dypsnea

Front 43

Fixing the Rhythm:

Anti-arrhythmic Drugs:

1. Are used to correct variation in the _____________________________ (which can lead to reduced cardiac output).

Back 43

1. normal beating of the heart

Front 44

Fixing the Rhythm:

Anti-arrhythmic Drugs:

Types: (5)

Back 44

1. local anesthetics

2. membrane stabilizers

3. beta-adrenergic blockers

4. action potential prolongation drugs

5. calcium channel blockers

Front 45

Correcting Constriction:

Vasodilators

Drugs used to ___________ arteries and veins.

This alleviates vessel _________ and improves _______________ _____________.

Back 45

1. dilate

2. constriction / cardiac output

Front 46

Correcting Constriction:

Vasodilators

Examples: (4 types)

Back 46

1. angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors

2. arteriole dilators

3. venodilators

4. combined vasodilators

Front 47

Correcting Constriction:

Calcium channel blockers are used to treat what two conditions?

Calcium channel blockers inhibit the movement of calcium through the __________________ cell membrane and vascular _____________ muscle.

Back 47

1. CHF + hypertension

2. myocardial

3. smooth

Front 48

Correcting Constriction:

Calcium Channel Blockers:

1. __________ the force of cardiac contractions.

2. Side effects include what two things?

Back 48

1. Decrease

2. hypotension / anorexia

Front 49

Correcting Constriction:

Calcium Channel blockers - in a nutshell, what do they do?

Back 49

decrease muscle contraction

Front 50

Losing Fluid

Diuretics: drugs that ___________ the volume of urine excreted by kinds and thus promote the release of water from the _____________.

Back 50

increase

tissues

Front 51

Losing Fluid

Diuretics ______________ the fluid volume in tissue.

Back 51

lower

Front 52

Losing Fluid:

1. Diuretics are used in the treatment of ______________.

Back 52

hypertension

Front 53

Losing Fluid:

Diuretics -

Name 5 categories of:

Back 53

1. thiazides

2. loop diuretics

3. potassium-sparing diuretics

4. osmotics

5. carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Front 54

Clot Stopping:

Anticoagulants -

1. Inhibit clot formation by ________________ one or more clotting factors.

Back 54

inactivating

Front 55

Clot Stopping:

Anticoagulants -

Name 4 uses:

Back 55

1. to inhibit clotting in catheters

2. to prevent blood samples from clotting

3. to preserve blood transfusions

4. to treat emboli

Front 56

Clot Stopping:

Anticoagulants -

Examples of these drugs (5)

Back 56

1. EDTA

2. heparin

3. coumarin

4. aspirin

5. blood transfusion anticoagulants

Front 57

Clot Stopping:

1. Clopidogrel bisulfate is an __________ platelet aggregation inhibitor.

2. It may prevent thrombi in ___________. (Species)

3. Improves _____________ in _____________ following an embolic event.

4. Side effects are ____________________ in nature and include __________ & __________.

Back 57

1. oral

2. cats

3. circulation / cats

4. gastrointestinal / vomiting & anorexia

Front 58

Bleeding Control:

Hemostatic Drugs -

1. Help promote ____________ of blood.

2. May be given __________ or ______________.

Back 58

1. clotting

2. parenterally / topically

Front 59

Bleeding Control:

Hemostatic drugs -

1. Parental Drugs - Give 2 examples.

Back 59

1. Vitamin K

2. Protamine sulfate

Front 60

Bleeding Control:

Hemostatic drugs -

Topical drugs - give 4 examples

Back 60

1. silver nitrate

2. hemostat powder

3. gelfoam gelatin sponges

4. thrombogen topical thrombin solution

Front 61

Blood-Enhancing Drugs

1. Affect ______________ or _____________ of RBCs.

2. Examples: (2)

Back 61

1. production / quality

2. erythropoietin, iron

Front 62

If animal has kidney failure, why would you see anemia?

Back 62

Because kidneys produce erythropoietin, which is involved with making red blood cells.

Front 63

Blood-Enhancing drugs:

Erythropoietin is a ___________ made by the kidneys that stimulates the differentiation of ___________ ____________ stem cells to form _______________.

Back 63

protein

bone marrow

RBCs

Front 64

What can be used to treat anemia in animals with chronic kidney failure?

What is sometimes seen as a side effect of this treatment?

Erythropoietin must be ___________________.

Back 64

erythropoietin

allergic reactions

refrigerated

Front 65

Blood-Enhancing

1. What is another name for Vitamin B12?

2. Are oral forms appropriate for small animals?

Back 65

1. Cyanocobalamine

2. NO

Front 66

Blood-Enhancing

1. Folic Acid is a _______-Vitamin needed for normal _____________________.

2. May be seen in what three species due to small intestinal disease?

3. Side effects?

Back 66

1. B-vitamin / erythropoiesis

2. dogs, cats, horses

3. very few side effects