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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
* Weakest parts of the skeleton
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Joints (articulations)
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______- site where two or more bones meet
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Articulation
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Functions of _____
* Give the skeleton mobility * Hold the skeleton together |
Joints
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_____ classification forcuses on the material binding bones together and whether or not a joint is present
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Classification of Joints: Structural
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Name the three structural classifications
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Fibrous
Cartilaginous Synovial |
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STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION
____ Joined by fibrous connective tissue |
Fibrous
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STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION
______ joined by cartilage |
Cartilaginous
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STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION
_____ not directly joined |
Synovial
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_____ classification is based on the amount of movement allowed by the joint
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Functional
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The three functional classes of joints are?
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Synarthroses
Amphiarthroses Diarthroses |
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JOINTS FUNCTIONAL
_____- immovable--most of these are fiborous |
Synarthroses
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FUNCTIONAL JOINTS
_____--slightly movable--most of these are cartilagenous |
Amphiarthroses
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FUNCTIONAL JOINTS
______--Freely movable--these are all synovial |
Diarthroses
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* The bones are joined by fibrous tissues
* There is no joint cavity * Most are immovable * There are three types - sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses |
Fibrous Structural Joints
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FIBROUS STRUCTURAL JOINTS: ______
* Occur between the bones of the skull * Comprised of interlocking junctions completely filled with connective tissue fibers * Bind bones tightly together, but allow for growth during youth * In middle age, skull bones fuse and are called synostoses |
Sutures
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FIBROUS STRUCTURAL JOINTS: ______
* Bones are connected by a fibrous tissue ligament * Movement varies from immovable to slighty variable * Examples include the connection between the tibia and fibula, and the radius and ulna. |
Syndesmoses
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FIBROUS STRUCTURAL JOINTS: ________
* The peg-in-socket fibrous joint between a tooth and its alveolar socket * The fibrous connection is the periodontal ligament |
Gomphoses
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______ JOINTS
* Articulating bones are united by cartilage * Lack a joint cavity * Two types--synchondroses and symphyses |
Cartilaginous Joints
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CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS: ____
* A bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones * All synchondroses are synarthrotic |
Synchondroses
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Examples Of _______ include
* Epiphyseal plates of children * Joint between the costal cartilage of the first rib and the sternum |
Synchondroses
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CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS: ____
* Hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surface of the bone and is fused to an intervening pad of fibrocartilage * Amphiarthrotic joints designed for strength and flexibility |
Symphyses
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Examples of ____ joints include:
intervertebral joints and the pubic symphysis of the pelvis |
Symphyses
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_____ Joints
* Those joints in which the articulating bones are separated by a fluid-containing joint cavity * All are freely movable diarthroses |
Synovial
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Examples of ____ joints include:
all limb joints, and most joints of the body |
Synovial
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____ Joints: General Structure
have all of the following: * Articular cartilage * Joint (synovial) cavity * Articular capsule * Synovial fluid * Reinforcing ligaments |
Synovial
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A ____ joint allows extension and retraction of an apendage.
EX. Elbow Joint |
Hinge
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A _____ joint allows for radial movement in almost any direction. They are found in the hips and shoulders
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Ball and Socket
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A ____ joint allows movement back and forth and up and down, but does not allow for rotation like a ball and socket joint.
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Saddle
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In a ___ or plane joint bones slide past each other. Midcarpal and midtarsal joints are gliding joints.
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Gliding
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____ joint--this is where one bone rotates about another
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Pivot
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_____ joints (or ellipsoidal joints) A ___ joint is where two bones fit togeter with an odd shape
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Condyloid
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Synovial Joints: _____ ____ ____
* Bursae--flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes and containing synovial fluid * Common where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together * Tendon Sheath--elongated busa that wraps completely around a tendon |
Friction-Reducing Structures
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____ flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes and containing synovial fluid
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Bursae
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___ ___- elongated busa that wraps completely around a tendon
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Tendon sheath
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SYNOVIAL JOINTS: _____
___ is determined by: * Articular Surfaces * Ligaments |
Stability
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____ ____--shape determines what movements are possible
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Articular surfaces
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____-- unite bones and prevent excessive or undesirable motion
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Stability
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SYNOVIAL JOINTS: _____
* Muscle tone is accomplished by: * Muscle tendons across joints acting as stabilizing factors * Tendons that are kept tight at all times by muscle tone. |
Stability
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SYNOVIAL JOINTS: _____
* The two muscle attachments across a joint are: * Origin * Insertion * Described as movement along transverse, frontal, or sagittal planes |
Movement
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____ attachment to the immovable bone
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Origin
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____- attachment to the movable bones
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Insertion
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SYNOVIAL JOINTS: RANGE OF MOTION
____- slipping movements only |
Nonaxial
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SYNOVIAL JOINTS: RANGE OF MOTION
____- movement in one plane |
Uniaxial
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____- movement in two planes
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Biaxial
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Movement in or around all three planes--ball and socket joint
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Multiaxial
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* One flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface.
* Examples--intercarpal and intertarsal joints, and between the flat articualar processes of the vertebrae |
Gliding Movements
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ANGULAR MOVEMENT
____- bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint |
Flexion
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ANGULAR MOVEMENT
____- reverse of flexion; joint angle is increased |
Extension
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ANGULAR MOVEMENT
____ & ____ ____--up and down movement of the foot |
Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
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ANGULAR MOVEMENT
____--movement away from the midline |
Abduction
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ANGULAR MOVEMENT
_____--movement toward the midline |
Adduction
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_____- movement describes a cone in spcae
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Circumduction
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_____ Increasing the angle. In the anatomical position everything is extended
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Extension
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_____ to increase the angle beyond the anatomical position.
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Hyperextension
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____ decreasing the angle. Plantar ___ to point the toe
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Flexion
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_____ pulls the toes up
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Dorsiflexion
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Moving a limb away from the trunk of the body
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Abduction
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Moving a limb toward the trunk of the body.
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Adduction
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Movement of a bone around an axis
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Rotation
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Circular movement of the distal end of a limb
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Circumduction
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The palm in the anatomical position (palms forward).
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Supination
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Palms backward
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Pronation
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Turning the sole of the foot inward.
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Inversion
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Turning the sole of the foot outward.
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Eversion
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Synovial Joints: Knee Ligaments and Tendons--____ view.
* Tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle * Lateral and medial patellar retinacula * Fibular and tibial collateral ligaments * Patellar ligament |
Anterior
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Synovial Joints: ____ Other Supporting Structures
* Anterior cruciate ligament * Posterior cruciate ligament * Lateral meniscus |
Knee
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Synovial Joints: ____ _____ Superficial view
* Adductor magnus tendon * Articular capsule * oblique popliteal ligament * Semimembranosus tendon |
Knee Posterior
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Synovial Joints: _____
* Annular ligament * Ulnar collateral ligament * Radial collateral ligament |
Elbow
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Synovial Joints: _____ stability
* Weak stability is maintained by: * Thin, loose joint capsule * Four ligaments--coracohumeral, and three glenohumeral * Tendon of the long head of biceps, which travels through the intertubercular groove and secures the humerus to the glenoid cavity. * Rotator cuff (four tendons) that encircles the shoulder joint and blends with the articular capsule |
Shoulder Stability
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____ ____: four tendons that encircles the shoulder joint and blends with the articular capsule
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Rotator cuff
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Synovial Joints: ___ (coxal) joint
* Ball and socket joint * Head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum * Good range of motion, but limited by the deep socket and strong ligaments |
Hip (coxal)
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Synovial Joints: ____ Stability
* Acetabular labrum * Iliofemoral ligament * pubofemeoral ligament * Ischiofemoral ligament * ligamentum teres |
Hip Stability
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* Mandibular condyle articulate with the temporal bone
* Two types of movement * Hinge * Side to side |
Temporaomandibular Joint (TMJ)
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____- depression and elevation of mandible
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Hinge
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_____- (lateral excursion) grinding of teeth
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Side to Side
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* The ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn
* partially torn ligaments slowly repair themselves * Completly torn ligaments require prompt surgical repair |
Sprains
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* The snap and pop of overstressed cartilage
* Common aerobics injury * Repaired with arthroscopic surgery |
Cartilage Injuries
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* Occur when bones are forced out of alignment
* Usually accompanied by sprains, inflammation, and joint immobilization * Caused by serious falls and are common sports injuries * Subluxation- partial dislocation of a joint |
Dislocations
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partial dislocation of a joint
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Subluxation
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* An inflammation of a bursa, usually caused by a blow or friction
* Symptoms are pain and swelling * Treated with anti-inflammatory drugs; excessive fluid may be aspirated |
Bursitis
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* Inflammation of tendon sheaths typically caused by overuse
* Symptoms and treatment are similar to bursitis |
Tendonitis
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More than 100 different types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage the joints.
* Most widespread crippling disease in the U.S. * Symptoms- pain, stiffness, and swelling of a joint * Acute forms are caused by bacteria and are treated with antibiotics * Chronic forms include osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gouty arthritis |
Arthritis
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* Most common chronic arthritis; often called "wear-and-tear" arthritis
* Affects women more than men * 85% of all Americans develop OA * More prevalent in the aged, and is probably related to the normal aging process |
Osteoarthritis (OA)
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* OA reflects the years of abrasion and compression causing increased production of metalloproteinase enzymes that break down cartilage
* As on ages, cartilage is destroyed more quickly than it is replaced * The exposed bone ends thicken, enlarge, form bone spurs, and restrict movement * Joints most affected are the cervical and lumbar spine, fingesrs, knuckles, knees, and hips |
Osteoarthritis: Course
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* OA is slow and irreversible
* Treatments include: * Mild pain rlievers, along with moderate activity * Magnetic therapy * Glucosamine sulfate decreases pain and inflammation |
Osteoarthritis: Treatments
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* Chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease of unknown cause, with an insidious onset
* Usually arises between the ages of 40 to 50, but may occur at any age * Signs and symptoms include joint tenderness, anemia, osteoporosis, muscle atrophy, and cardiovascular problems * The couse of RA is marked with exacerbations and remissions |
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
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* RA begins with synovitis of the affected joint
* Inflammatory chemicals are inappropriately released * Inflammatory blood cells migrate to the joint, causing swelling |
Rheumatoid Arthritis: Course
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* Inflamed synovial membrane thickens into a pannus
* Pannus erodes carilage, scar tissue forms, articulating bone ends connect * The end result, ankylosis, produces bent, deformed fingers |
Rheumatoid Arthritis: Course
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* Conservative therapy- aspirin, long-term use of antibiotics, and physical therapy
* Progressive treatment- anti-inflammatory drugs or immunosuppresents * The drug Enbrel, a biological response modifier, neutralizes the harmful properties of inflammatory chemicals |
Rheumatoid Arthritis: Treatment
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* Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues, followed by an inflammation response
* Typically, gouty arthritis affects the joint at the base of the great toe * In untreated gouty arthritis, the bone ends fuse and immobilize the joint * Treatment--colchicine, nonsteroidal anto-inflammatoy drugs, and glucocorticoids |
Gouty Arthritis
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