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90 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
* Weakest parts of the skeleton
Joints (articulations)
______- site where two or more bones meet
Articulation
Functions of _____
* Give the skeleton mobility
* Hold the skeleton together
Joints
_____ classification forcuses on the material binding bones together and whether or not a joint is present
Classification of Joints: Structural
Name the three structural classifications
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION
____ Joined by fibrous connective tissue
Fibrous
STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION
______ joined by cartilage
Cartilaginous
STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION
_____ not directly joined
Synovial
_____ classification is based on the amount of movement allowed by the joint
Functional
The three functional classes of joints are?
Synarthroses
Amphiarthroses
Diarthroses
JOINTS FUNCTIONAL
_____- immovable--most of these are fiborous
Synarthroses
FUNCTIONAL JOINTS
_____--slightly movable--most of these are cartilagenous
Amphiarthroses
FUNCTIONAL JOINTS
______--Freely movable--these are all synovial
Diarthroses
* The bones are joined by fibrous tissues
* There is no joint cavity
* Most are immovable
* There are three types - sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses
Fibrous Structural Joints
FIBROUS STRUCTURAL JOINTS: ______
* Occur between the bones of the skull
* Comprised of interlocking junctions completely filled with connective tissue fibers
* Bind bones tightly together, but allow for growth during youth
* In middle age, skull bones fuse and are called synostoses
Sutures
FIBROUS STRUCTURAL JOINTS: ______
* Bones are connected by a fibrous tissue ligament
* Movement varies from immovable to slighty variable
* Examples include the connection between the tibia and fibula, and the radius and ulna.
Syndesmoses
FIBROUS STRUCTURAL JOINTS: ________
* The peg-in-socket fibrous joint between a tooth and its alveolar socket
* The fibrous connection is the periodontal ligament
Gomphoses
______ JOINTS
* Articulating bones are united by cartilage
* Lack a joint cavity
* Two types--synchondroses and symphyses
Cartilaginous Joints
CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS: ____
* A bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones
* All synchondroses are synarthrotic
Synchondroses
Examples Of _______ include
* Epiphyseal plates of children
* Joint between the costal cartilage of the first rib and the sternum
Synchondroses
CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS: ____
* Hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surface of the bone and is fused to an intervening pad of fibrocartilage
* Amphiarthrotic joints designed for strength and flexibility
Symphyses
Examples of ____ joints include:
intervertebral joints and the pubic symphysis of the pelvis
Symphyses
_____ Joints
* Those joints in which the articulating bones are separated by a fluid-containing joint cavity
* All are freely movable diarthroses
Synovial
Examples of ____ joints include:
all limb joints, and most joints of the body
Synovial
____ Joints: General Structure
have all of the following:
* Articular cartilage
* Joint (synovial) cavity
* Articular capsule
* Synovial fluid
* Reinforcing ligaments
Synovial
A ____ joint allows extension and retraction of an apendage.
EX. Elbow Joint
Hinge
A _____ joint allows for radial movement in almost any direction. They are found in the hips and shoulders
Ball and Socket
A ____ joint allows movement back and forth and up and down, but does not allow for rotation like a ball and socket joint.
Saddle
In a ___ or plane joint bones slide past each other. Midcarpal and midtarsal joints are gliding joints.
Gliding
____ joint--this is where one bone rotates about another
Pivot
_____ joints (or ellipsoidal joints) A ___ joint is where two bones fit togeter with an odd shape
Condyloid
Synovial Joints: _____ ____ ____
* Bursae--flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes and containing synovial fluid
* Common where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together
* Tendon Sheath--elongated busa that wraps completely around a tendon
Friction-Reducing Structures
____ flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes and containing synovial fluid
Bursae
___ ___- elongated busa that wraps completely around a tendon
Tendon sheath
SYNOVIAL JOINTS: _____
___ is determined by:
* Articular Surfaces
* Ligaments
Stability
____ ____--shape determines what movements are possible
Articular surfaces
____-- unite bones and prevent excessive or undesirable motion
Stability
SYNOVIAL JOINTS: _____
* Muscle tone is accomplished by:
* Muscle tendons across joints acting as stabilizing factors
* Tendons that are kept tight at all times by muscle tone.
Stability
SYNOVIAL JOINTS: _____
* The two muscle attachments across a joint are:
* Origin
* Insertion
* Described as movement along transverse, frontal, or sagittal planes
Movement
____ attachment to the immovable bone
Origin
____- attachment to the movable bones
Insertion
SYNOVIAL JOINTS: RANGE OF MOTION
____- slipping movements only
Nonaxial
SYNOVIAL JOINTS: RANGE OF MOTION
____- movement in one plane
Uniaxial
____- movement in two planes
Biaxial
Movement in or around all three planes--ball and socket joint
Multiaxial
* One flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface.
* Examples--intercarpal and intertarsal joints, and between the flat articualar processes of the vertebrae
Gliding Movements
ANGULAR MOVEMENT
____- bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint
Flexion
ANGULAR MOVEMENT
____- reverse of flexion; joint angle is increased
Extension
ANGULAR MOVEMENT
____ & ____ ____--up and down movement of the foot
Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
ANGULAR MOVEMENT
____--movement away from the midline
Abduction
ANGULAR MOVEMENT
_____--movement toward the midline
Adduction
_____- movement describes a cone in spcae
Circumduction
_____ Increasing the angle. In the anatomical position everything is extended
Extension
_____ to increase the angle beyond the anatomical position.
Hyperextension
____ decreasing the angle. Plantar ___ to point the toe
Flexion
_____ pulls the toes up
Dorsiflexion
Moving a limb away from the trunk of the body
Abduction
Moving a limb toward the trunk of the body.
Adduction
Movement of a bone around an axis
Rotation
Circular movement of the distal end of a limb
Circumduction
The palm in the anatomical position (palms forward).
Supination
Palms backward
Pronation
Turning the sole of the foot inward.
Inversion
Turning the sole of the foot outward.
Eversion
Synovial Joints: Knee Ligaments and Tendons--____ view.
* Tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle
* Lateral and medial patellar retinacula
* Fibular and tibial collateral ligaments
* Patellar ligament
Anterior
Synovial Joints: ____ Other Supporting Structures
* Anterior cruciate ligament
* Posterior cruciate ligament
* Lateral meniscus
Knee
Synovial Joints: ____ _____ Superficial view
* Adductor magnus tendon
* Articular capsule
* oblique popliteal ligament
* Semimembranosus tendon
Knee Posterior
Synovial Joints: _____
* Annular ligament
* Ulnar collateral ligament
* Radial collateral ligament
Elbow
Synovial Joints: _____ stability
* Weak stability is maintained by:
* Thin, loose joint capsule
* Four ligaments--coracohumeral, and three glenohumeral
* Tendon of the long head of biceps, which travels through the intertubercular groove and secures the humerus to the glenoid cavity.
* Rotator cuff (four tendons) that encircles the shoulder joint and blends with the articular capsule
Shoulder Stability
____ ____: four tendons that encircles the shoulder joint and blends with the articular capsule
Rotator cuff
Synovial Joints: ___ (coxal) joint
* Ball and socket joint
* Head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum
* Good range of motion, but limited by the deep socket and strong ligaments
Hip (coxal)
Synovial Joints: ____ Stability
* Acetabular labrum
* Iliofemoral ligament
* pubofemeoral ligament
* Ischiofemoral ligament
* ligamentum teres
Hip Stability
* Mandibular condyle articulate with the temporal bone
* Two types of movement
* Hinge
* Side to side
Temporaomandibular Joint (TMJ)
____- depression and elevation of mandible
Hinge
_____- (lateral excursion) grinding of teeth
Side to Side
* The ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn
* partially torn ligaments slowly repair themselves
* Completly torn ligaments require prompt surgical repair
Sprains
* The snap and pop of overstressed cartilage
* Common aerobics injury
* Repaired with arthroscopic surgery
Cartilage Injuries
* Occur when bones are forced out of alignment
* Usually accompanied by sprains, inflammation, and joint immobilization
* Caused by serious falls and are common sports injuries
* Subluxation- partial dislocation of a joint
Dislocations
partial dislocation of a joint
Subluxation
* An inflammation of a bursa, usually caused by a blow or friction
* Symptoms are pain and swelling
* Treated with anti-inflammatory drugs; excessive fluid may be aspirated
Bursitis
* Inflammation of tendon sheaths typically caused by overuse
* Symptoms and treatment are similar to bursitis
Tendonitis
More than 100 different types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage the joints.
* Most widespread crippling disease in the U.S.
* Symptoms- pain, stiffness, and swelling of a joint
* Acute forms are caused by bacteria and are treated with antibiotics
* Chronic forms include osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gouty arthritis
Arthritis
* Most common chronic arthritis; often called "wear-and-tear" arthritis
* Affects women more than men
* 85% of all Americans develop OA
* More prevalent in the aged, and is probably related to the normal aging process
Osteoarthritis (OA)
* OA reflects the years of abrasion and compression causing increased production of metalloproteinase enzymes that break down cartilage
* As on ages, cartilage is destroyed more quickly than it is replaced
* The exposed bone ends thicken, enlarge, form bone spurs, and restrict movement
* Joints most affected are the cervical and lumbar spine, fingesrs, knuckles, knees, and hips
Osteoarthritis: Course
* OA is slow and irreversible
* Treatments include:
* Mild pain rlievers, along with moderate activity
* Magnetic therapy
* Glucosamine sulfate decreases pain and inflammation
Osteoarthritis: Treatments
* Chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease of unknown cause, with an insidious onset
* Usually arises between the ages of 40 to 50, but may occur at any age
* Signs and symptoms include joint tenderness, anemia, osteoporosis, muscle atrophy, and cardiovascular problems
* The couse of RA is marked with exacerbations and remissions
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
* RA begins with synovitis of the affected joint
* Inflammatory chemicals are inappropriately released
* Inflammatory blood cells migrate to the joint, causing swelling
Rheumatoid Arthritis: Course
* Inflamed synovial membrane thickens into a pannus
* Pannus erodes carilage, scar tissue forms, articulating bone ends connect
* The end result, ankylosis, produces bent, deformed fingers
Rheumatoid Arthritis: Course
* Conservative therapy- aspirin, long-term use of antibiotics, and physical therapy
* Progressive treatment- anti-inflammatory drugs or immunosuppresents
* The drug Enbrel, a biological response modifier, neutralizes the harmful properties of inflammatory chemicals
Rheumatoid Arthritis: Treatment
* Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues, followed by an inflammation response
* Typically, gouty arthritis affects the joint at the base of the great toe
* In untreated gouty arthritis, the bone ends fuse and immobilize the joint
* Treatment--colchicine, nonsteroidal anto-inflammatoy drugs, and glucocorticoids
Gouty Arthritis