Ch. 7 Social Psychology And Human Nature 2Nd Edition, Baumeister & Bushman Ch. 7

Front 1

pieces of information about something; facts or opinions

Back 1

BELIEFS

Front 2

global evaluations toward some object or issue

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ATTITUDES

Front 3

different evaluations of the same attitude object. implicit versus explicit

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DUAL ATTITUDES

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automatic and nonconscious evaluative responses

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IMPLICIT ATTITUDES

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controlled and conscious evaluative responses

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EXPLICIT ATTITUDES

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an attribute that is perceived by others as broadly negative

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STIGMA

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the tendency for people to come to like things simply because th or encounter them repeatedly

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MERE EXPOSURE EFFECT

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a type of learning in which. through repeated pairings. a neutral stimulus comes to evoke a conditioned response

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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

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a stimulus (e.g., meat powder) that naturally evokes a particular response (salivation)

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UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS

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a naturally occurring response (e.g., salivation)

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UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE

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a stimulus (e.g.. Pavlov·s bell) that initially evokes no response

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NEUTRAL STIMULUS

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a neutral stimulus that, through repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to evoke a conditioned response

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CONDITIONED STIMULUS

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a response that, through repeated pairings, is evoked by a formerly neutral stimulus

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CONDITIONED RESPONSE

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OPERANT CONDITIONING a type of learning in which people are more I ikely to repeat behaviors that have been rewarded and less likely to repeat behaviors that have been punished

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OPERANT CONDITIONING (INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING)

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a type of learning in which people are more likely to imitate behaviors if they have seen others rewarded ror performing them, and less likely to imitate behaviors if they have seen others punished for performing them

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SOCIAL LEARNING (OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING, IMITATION, VICARIOUS LEARNING)

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the finding that people's attitudes become more extreme as they reflect on them

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ATTITUDE POLARIZATION

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the idea that relationships among one person (PI, the other person (0), and an attitude object (X) may be either balanced or unbalanced

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BALANCE THEORY (P-O-X THEORY)

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the theory that inconsistencies produce psychological discomfort, leading people to rationalize their behavior or change their attitudes

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COGNITIVE DISSONANCE THEORY

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the finding that when people suffer or work hard or make sacrifices, they Vlill try to convince themselves that it is worthwhile

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EFFORT JUSTIFICATION

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cognitive dissonance experienced after making a difficult choice, typically reduced by increasing the attractiveness of the chosen alternative and decreasing the atractiveness of rejected alternatives

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POST-DECISION DISSONANCE

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the idea that although some choice is better than none, more choice is not always better than less choice

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TYRANNY OF CHOICE

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how easily something comes to mind

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ACCESSIBILITY

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the problem of inconsistency between attitudes (A) and behaviors (B)

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A-B PROBLEM

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the finding that once beliefs form, they are resistant to change, even if the informati on on which they .ere based is discredited

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BELIEF PERSEVERANCE

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the general term for how people attempt to deal with traumas and go back to functioning effectively in life

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COPING

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(assumptions) about reality

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ASSUMPTIVE WORLDS

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the idea that beliefs playa central role in helping people cope with and recover from misfortunes

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COGNITIVE COPING

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comparing oneselfto people who are worse off

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DOWNWARD COMPARISON