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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sound travels through air at what speed? |
340 m/s |
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What is the upper limit of audible frequencies? |
20k Hz |
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Loudness, Pitch, and Timbre are the perceptual dimensions of sound. What are the corresponding physical dimensions? |
Amplitude=Loudness Frequency(Hz)=Pitch Complexity=Timbre (combo of diff frequencies) |
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Sound is funneled via the ______ to the ear canal to the ______ membrane which vibrates the middle ear bones. What is the anatomy of the middle ear going from the membrane? |
Pinna to the tympanic membrane. The middle ear consists of maleus (hammer) --> incus --> stapes --> oval window of the cochlea This is in order going from tympanic membrane in to the oval window |
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What is the organization of the inner ear. |
The cochlea which is longitudinally divided into the scala vestibuli, scala media, and scala tympani. It contains the organ of corti which sits at the base of the scala media right atop of the basilar membrane. The hair cells of the organ or corti are anchored to the basilar membrane, and some cells connect the basilar membrane to the tectorial membrane which sits like a shelf overhead the organ of corti in the scala media |
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What are the components of the organ or corti? |
1) Basilar membrane 2) Auditory receptor cells aka hair cells (inner and outer hair cells) 3) Tectorial membrane |
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Sound waves cause the ____ membrane to move relative to the ______ membrane which bends cilia of the hair cells causing receptor potential |
basilar membrane moves relative to the tectorial membrane |
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What is the function of the round window and oval window of the cochlea? |
Round window: membrane covered opening that allows the fluid inside the cochlea to move back and forth. Oval window: membrane covered opening that has force exerted on it by the stapes |
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How is the scala vestibuli and scala media separated? How is the scala media and scala tympani separated? |
Scala vestibuli is separated from scala media by reissners membrane Scala tympani and scala media are separated by the basilar membrane |
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Hair cells are anchored to the ______ membrane via rodlike ______ cells. |
basilar membrane via rodlike dieter's cells |
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What are the 3 major differences between inner and outer hair cells? |
1) The inner hair cells are the actual sensory receptors, whereas the outer hair cells are almost all from efferent axons that arise from cells in the brain. 2) Destruction of inner cells eliminate hearing, but destruction of outer cells does not. 3) The inner hair cells do not touch the tectorial membrane unlike the outer hair cells |
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What is the function of the outer hair cells? |
The outer hair cells sharpen the frequency-resolving power of the cochlea by actively contracting and relaxing, thus changing the stiffness of the tectorial membrane at particular locations |
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If the inner hair cells do not directly contact the tectorial membrane, how do they bend? What structure in the organ of corti ensures that this can occur? |
The relative movement of the two membranes causes the fluid within the cochlea to flow past them, making them bend back and forth too. This is facilitated by the round window? |
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Cilia are attached to one another via _____ links and these links' point of attachment on the cilia is the ______ plaques. Each _____ plaque contains an ion channel, and movement of the cilia towards the tallest cilia causes _______ via ___ and ____ ions |
Tip links, insertional, insertional, depolarization via calcium and potassium ion flow into the cilia |
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What is the afferent auditory pathway? |
Cochlear nuclei of the medulla --> Superior olivary nuclei of the medulla ---> Inferior colliculi of the tectum via the lateral lamniscus --> medial geniculate of the thalamus--> auditory geniculate of the temporal lobe--> Auditory cortex |
