Ch. 6 Skeletal System: Introduction And The Axial Skeleton

Front 1

the axial skeleton contains:

Back 1

1. Skull
2. Auditory Ossicles
3. Hyoid bone
4. Vertebral column
5. Rib Cage

Front 2

Rib Cage

Back 2

24 ribs (12 pairs)
1 sternum

costal cartilages connect ribs to sternum

Front 3

Vertebral Column

Back 3

7 cervical vertebra
12 thoracic vertebra
5 lumbar vertebra
1 sacrum (4 or 5 fused bones)
1 Coccyx (3-5 fused bones) (tail bones)

Front 4

Auditory ossicles

Back 4

2 malleus
2 incus
2 stapes
present in middle ear chamber, serve to transmit sound impulses

Front 5

Skull-facial parts

Back 5

2 maxilla
2 palatine
2 zygomatic
2 lacrimal
2 nasal
1 vomer
2 inferior nasal concha
1 mandible

Front 6

skull-cranial

Back 6

1 frontal
2 parietal
1 occipital
2 temporal
1 sphenoid
1 ethmoid

Front 7

appendicular skeleton contains

Back 7

1. pectoral girdle
2. upper extremites
3. pelvic girdle
4. lower extremities

bones of upper and lower extremities and the bony girdles that anchor the appendages to the axial skeleton

Front 8

pectoral girdle

Back 8

2 scapulae (shoulder blades)
2 clavicles (collar bones)
1 sternum

primarily for attachment for muscles that move brachium (arm) and antebrachium (forearm)

Front 9

lower extremities

Back 9

2 femur (thigh bone)
2 tibia (shin bone)
2 fibula (what mom broke)
2 patella (kneecap)
14 tarsal bones
10 metatarsal bones
28 phalanges (toes)

Front 10

pelvic girdle

Back 10

2 ossa coxae (hip bones, also written os coxae)
1 sacrum

supports weight of body through the vertebral column and protects the viscera within pelvic cavity

Front 11

upper extremities

Back 11

2 humerus
2 radius
2 ulna
16 carpal bones
10 metacarpal bones
28 phalanges (finger bones)

Front 12

functions of a bone

Back 12

1. support
2. protection
3. body movement
4. hemopiesis (blood cell formation)
5. fat storage
6. mineral storage

Front 13

short bones

Back 13

cube-shaped transfer forces of movement

Front 14

long bones

Back 14

longer than they are wide, function as a lever

Front 15

flat bone

Back 15

broad surface for muscle attachment or protection of underlying organs

Front 16

sulcus*

Back 16

a grove that accomadates a vessel, nerve, or tendon*

Front 17

sinus*

Back 17

a cavity or hollow space in a bone*

Front 18

fossa*

Back 18

a flattened or shallow surface*

Front 19

foramen*

Back 19

a rounded opening through a bone*

Front 20

fissure*

Back 20

a narrow, slitlike opening*

Front 21

alveolus*

Back 21

a deep pit or socket*

Front 22

head*

Back 22

prominent, rounded articulating end of a bone*

Front 23

facet*

Back 23

a flattened or shallow articulating surface*

Front 24

crest*

Back 24

a narrow, ridglike projection*

Front 25

condyle*

Back 25

large, rounded, articulating knob*

Front 26

epicondyle*

Back 26

a projection adjacent to a condyle*

Front 27

process*

Back 27

any marked bony prominence*

Front 28

ramus*

Back 28

a flattened angular part of a bone*

Front 29

spine*

Back 29

a sharp, slender process*

Front 30

trochanter*

Back 30

a massive process found only on the femure*

Front 31

tubercle*

Back 31

a small rounded process*

Front 32

tuberosity*

Back 32

a large, roughened process*

Front 33

diploe

Back 33

in a flat bone of the skull, the spongy bone is sandwiched between the compact bone and is called...

Front 34

compact (dense) bone

Back 34

hard and dense bone tissue and is the protective exterior portion of bones

Front 35

spongy bone

Back 35

deep inside the compact bone and is porous

Front 36

Diaphyis

Back 36

long bone shaft

Front 37

medullary cavity

Back 37

a central cavity inside the diaphysis, contains yellow bone marrow

Front 38

endosteum

Back 38

thin layer of connective tissue lining the medullary cavity

Front 39

epiphysis

Back 39

each end of the diaphysis, consisting of spongy bone and compact bone, red bone marrow found in pores of spongy

Front 40

red bone marrow

Back 40

found in spongy pores, hemopoiesis occurs here, esp in sternum, vertebrae etc

Front 41

articular cartilage

Back 41

made of hyaline cartilage, camps epiphysis and facilitates joint movement

Front 42

nutrient foramina

Back 42

small openings into bone that allow nutrient vessels to pss for nurishment, along diaphysis

Front 43

epiphyseal plate

Back 43

reagion of mitotic activity aka bone growth (growth plate) located between epiphysis and diaphysis

Front 44

epiphyseal line

Back 44

replaces the the plate and final ossification occurs between diaphysis and epiphysis

Front 45

periosteum of dense regular tissue

Back 45

covers surface of bone (except articular cartilidge) used as a place for tendon-muscle attachment and is responsible for appositional bone growth-(incease in width)

Front 46

perforating fibers

Back 46

bundle of collagenous fiber, secures periosteum to bone

Front 47

osteogenic cells

Back 47

respond to trama (fracture)

Front 48

Osteoblasts

Back 48

bone forming cells

Front 49

osteocytes

Back 49

mature bone cells

Front 50

osteoclasts

Back 50

break down bone cells

Front 51

bone-lining cells

Back 51

derived fom osteoblasts along the surface

Front 52

trabeculae

Back 52

minute spikes of bone tissue, give spongy bone lattice like appearance

Front 53

osteons, or haversian systems

Back 53

cylindrical structures parallel to the long axis of bone

Front 54

lamellae

Back 54

concentric circles of the matrix of osteons, surround a central canal

Front 55

central canal

Back 55

center of lamellae, contains small nutrient vessels and a nerve

Front 56

lacuna

Back 56

osteocytes within spaces regularly arranged between lamelae.

(lake)

Front 57

canaliculi

Back 57

channels connecting lacunae

Front 58

interstitial systems

Back 58

area between osteons (made up of remnants of osteons)

Front 59

perforating (volkmann's canals)

Back 59

connect osteons with blood vessels and nerves

Front 60

nasal fossae

Back 60

two chambers of the nasal cavity

Front 61

nasal septum

Back 61

bone and cartilidge which separate the nasal fossae

Front 62

fontanels

Back 62

membrandous sheets of connective tissue tha tcover the gaps between the developing bones
1 anterior
1 posterior
2 anterolateral
2 posterolateral

Front 63

sutures

Back 63

extend the lengths of fontanel to fontanel

sagittal
coronal
lambdoid
squamous

Front 64

frontal bone

Back 64

forehead, roof of nasal cavity and superior arches of orbits (eyeballs)

Front 65

parietal bone

Back 65

2 form upper sides and roof of cranium

Front 66

temporal bone

Back 66

lower sides of the cranuim, adjoined to parietal bone by squamous suture
has four parts

squamous-zygomatic process, zygomatic arch, and mandibular fossa(jaw joint)
Tympanic-external acoustic meatus(ear canal) styloid process
mastoid
petrous

Front 67

occipital bone

Back 67

posterior and most of base of scull

Front 68

foramen magnum

Back 68

large hole in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes to attach to the brain stem

Front 69

occipital condyles

Back 69

articulate with the first vertbra (atlas)

Front 70

sphenoid bone

Back 70

forms part of the anterior base of the cranium and inferiorly, looks like a moth

Front 71

body, greater wings, lesser wings, sphenoidal sinuses

Back 71

parts of the sphenoid bone

Front 72

sella turcica

Back 72

houses pituitary gland in sphenoid bone

Front 73

optic canal

Back 73

large opening in lesser wing (sphenoid bone) for optic nerve and opthalmic artery

Front 74

superior orbital fissure

Back 74

triangular opening between the wings of sphenoid bone for lots of nerves

Front 75

foramen ovale

Back 75

opening at the base of the alteral pterygoid plate, through which the mandibular nerve passes (sphenoid bone)

Front 76

foramen spinosum

Back 76

small opening at the base fo the lateral pyerygoid plate, through which the mandibular nerve passes (sphenoid bone)

Front 77

foramen lacerum

Back 77

opening between the sphenoid and petrous part of the temporal bone, arteries pass

Front 78

foramen rotundum

Back 78

opening just posterior to the superior orbital fissure, maxillary nerve passes here (sphenoid bone)(

Front 79

ethmod bone

Back 79

forms the roof tof the nasal cavity

Front 80

perpendicular plate

Back 80

plate in the middle, separates into two nasal channels

Front 81

nasal fossa

Back 81

each nasal channel

Front 82

ethmoid sinus

Back 82

lots of holes on each side of the perpendicular plate form this

Front 83

crista galli

Back 83

spine of perpendicular plate

Front 84

superior and middle nasal concha

Back 84

on each side fo the perpendicuar plate, have ethmoidal air cells

Front 85

cribriform plate

Back 85

perpendicular to the perpendicular plate, within hte floor of the cranium, contains many bririform foramina for nerves

Front 86

maxilla

Back 86

upper jaw

Front 87

palatine bone

Back 87

l shaped bone for form the posterior third dof the hard palate, part of the orbits, and part of hte nasal cavity

Front 88

zygomatic bone

Back 88

cheekbones

Front 89

lacrimal bone

Back 89

medial wall of each orbit

Front 90

nasal bone

Back 90

form th ebridge of the nose

Front 91

inferior nasal concha

Back 91

scroll like bones that project horizontally and medially from the lateral walss of hte nasal cavity

Front 92

vomer

Back 92

thin flattened bone that forms the lower part of hte nasal septum

Front 93

mandible

Back 93

jawbone

Front 94

hyoid bone

Back 94

doesn't attach to any other bone, located in the neck, supports the tongue

Front 95

auditory ossicles

Back 95

three small paired bones, located within the middle ear cavities
outer to inner:
malleus, incus, stapes

Front 96

vertebral column

Back 96

backbone
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
coccygeal