Lecture 5 - Chapter 6 Microbial Nutrition & Growth & Chapter 7 Microbial Genetics

Front 1

Growth Of Microbial Populations

Back 1

•Bacterial Cells divide by using binary fission

•Logarithmic growth

Front 2

Generation time

Back 2

Time takes for bacteria to grow & undergo binary fission

Front 3

Lag phase

Back 3

•Bacteria Adjust to the growth conditions

•Produce Necessary components for binary fission

Front 4

Log Phase

Back 4

•Binary Fission occurs

•Population Growth is logarithmic

Front 5

Stationary phase

Back 5

•Depletion Of nutrients or accumulation of by products will limit the exponential growth

•When the growth & death rates are equal

Front 6

Death phase

Back 6

Death Rates surpasses growth rates

Front 7

Counting chamber

Back 7

•Slide With a well & grid over the well

•# of cells in a single square can be counted

•# of cells on the whole slide can be calculated

Front 8

Methods Of Cell Quantification

Back 8

•Preparing A culture and counting the Colony Forming Units

•Must Be sufficiently diluted

Front 9

Coulter counter

Back 9

•Determine Cell count and cell volume

•Cells Are drawn through a gap in the counter 1 at a time

•Cells passing through the gap interfere with the current

Front 10

Coulter counter: Electrodes are located within the gap?

Back 10

A current is passed between the electrodes

Front 11

Flow Cytometry

Back 11

•Similar Concept to Coulter counter

•Uses A beam of laser

Front 12

Serial Dilution

Back 12

•Made with progressively diluted samples

•Sample is grown on a medium

•# of colonies on each plate is counted

•# of cells in the original sample can be calculated by # of colonies X the # of dilutions

Front 13

Chromatin

Back 13

•DNA wrap around histones to form nucleosomes

•Unwrapped of chromosomes

Front 14

Chromosomes

Back 14

•DNA is associated with various proteins

•Further coiling upon itself forms achromosome

Front 15

Genes

Back 15

A molecular unit of heredity

Front 16

Genomes

Back 16

Encodes function products (proteins orRNA)

Front 17

Prokaryotic Chromosomes

Back 17

•A circular chromosome

•Doublestranded DNA

•1 copy of each gene (haploid)

Front 18

Prokaryotic Chromosomes: Non-essential genes in extrachromosomal genetic material?

Back 18

Plasmids

Front 19

Plasmids

Back 19

•Small Circular DNA that replicate independently of the chromosome

•Contain Information for its own replication

•Non-essential to normal functions of the cell, but confer certain advantages to the organism

•Genes direct the organism in transferring genetic material with another

Front 20

Can be categorized in several ways & conjugative/non-conjugative?

Back 20

Plasmids

Front 21

Fertility (F) Plasmids

Back 21

Genes for conjugation

Front 22

Resistance(R) Plasmids

Back 22

Genes provide resistance to antibiotic or toxins

Front 23

Col Plasmids

Back 23

Genes for bacteriocins (proteins that can kill other bacteria)

Front 24

Degradative Plasmids

Back 24

Genes for the digestion of various substances

Front 25

Virulence Plasmids

Back 25

Turn non pathogenic bacteria into a pathogen

Front 26

Eukaryotic Chromosomes

Back 26

•More than 1 chromosomes & linear

•More than 1copy of each gene

•Mostanimal cells are diploid

•Plantand Fungi cells can be polyploid

Front 27

DNA Structures and Function: 5 C Sugar of Nucleotides?

Back 27

•DNA – deoxyribose

•RNA – ribose

•Polymers of Nucleotides

Front 28

DNA Structures and Function: Nitrogenous Base?

Back 28

•Purines – Adenine and Guanine

•Pyrimidines – Cytosine, Thymine

Front 29

DNA Structures and Function: Encode genetic information?

Back 29

•Sequence of bases indicate AA

•Two strands in helix

•Complementary base pairing –A-T –G-C

Front 30

DNA Unwind

Back 30

•Detach from histones

•DNA helicase separates the two DNA strands as it moves forward creating a replication fork

Front 31

DNA polymerase attaches?

Back 31

•Origin of replication

•DNA polymerase moves along the DNA template & incorporate complementary bases to the template

•Complementary base pairing allow 1 strand of DNA to serve as template

Front 32

DNA Replication

Back 32

•Occurs simultaneously at multiple origins of replication and on both strands

•Always 5′ to 3′30184

Front 33

DNA Replication: Leading Strand

Back 33

DNA replicate continuously following thereplication fork

Front 34

DNA Replication: Lagging Strand

Back 34

DNA must replicate in a fragmented fashion

Front 35

Replicated Fragments of DNA replication is called?

Back 35

•Okazaki fragments

•DNA fragments are joined together by DNAligase

Front 36

Semi Conservative

Back 36

DNA replication results in one new strandand one old strand

Front 37

DNA polymerase has a built in mechanism to?

Back 37

Correct mistakes