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23 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

acetyl coenzyme A

the entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration; formed a two-carbon fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme

alcohol fermentation

glycosis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing carbon dioxide

ATP synthase

a cluster of several membrane proteins that function in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP

cellular respiration

the aerobic harvesting of energy from food molecules; the energy-releasing chemical breakdown of food molecules, such as glucose, and the storage of potential energy in a form that cells can use to perform work; involves glycosis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation (the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis)

chemiosmosis

an energy coupling mechanism that uses the energy of hydrogen ion gradients across membranes to drive cellular work, such as the phosphorylation of ADP; powers most synthesis in cells

citric acid cycle

the chemical cycle that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycosis by oxidizing acetyl CoA (derived from pyruvate) to carbon dioxide. The cycle occurs in the matrix of mitochondria and supplies most of the NADH molecules that carry electrons to the electron transport chains. Together with pyruvate oxidation, the second major stage of cellular respiration.

electron transport chain

a series of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons during a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP; located in the inner membrane of mitochondria, the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, and the plasma membranes of prokaryotes

glycosis

a series of reactions that ultimately splits glucose into two molecules of pyruvate; the first stage of cellular respiration in all organisms; occurs in the cytosol

intermediates

one of the compounds that form between the initial reaction and the final product in a metabolic pathway, such as between glucose and pyruvate in glycosis

kilocalorie

a quantity of heat equal to 1,000 calories. Used to measure the energy content of food, it is usually called a "calorie"

lactic acid fermentation

glycosis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to lactate, regenerating NAD+

NAD+

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; a coenzyme that can accept electrosn during the redox reactions of cellular metabolism. It cycles between oxidized (NAD) and reduced (NADH) states

oxidation

the loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction; always accompanies reduction

oxidative phosphorylation

the production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reations of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration

redox reaction

short for reduction-oxidation reaction; a chemical reaction in which electrons are lost from one substance (oxidation) to another (reduction)

reduction

the gain of electrons by a substance involved in the redox reaction; always coupled with oxidation

substrate-level phosphorylation

the formation of ATP by an enzyme directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an organic molecule (for example, one of the intermediates in glycosis in the citric acid cycle)

aero-

air

chemi-

chemical

de-

without

-hydro

water

glyco-

sweet

-lysis

split