Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The integumentary system consists of _____, _____, _____, and ______. |
hair, skin, glands, nails |
|
What are the protective functions of the integumentary system (3)? |
-protects against abrasion and UV light -prevents entry of microorganisms -prevents dehydration |
|
What are the sensation functions of the integumentary system (1)? |
contains sensory receptors that can detect heat, cold, touch, pressure, and pain |
|
How does the the integumentary system regulate temperature? |
-blood flow through skin -sweat gland activity |
|
What are the 5 main functions of the integumentary system? |
1. protection 2. sensation 3. temperature regulation 4. vitamin D production 5. excretion of small amounts of waste |
|
What are the three major regions of the skin? |
epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue |
|
outermost (superficial) region of the skin |
epidermis |
|
What is the function of the epidermis (2)? |
-resists abrasion -reduces water loss |
|
middle region of the skin (bulk of skin); strong, flexible connective tissue |
dermis |
|
What is the function of the dermis? |
responsible for most of the structural strength of the skin |
|
hypodermis; deepest region of the skin |
subcutaneous tissue |
|
What is the function of the sucutaneous tissue? |
connects skin to underlying muscle or bone |
|
most superficial strata of the epidermis; 25+ layers of dead squamous cells |
stratum corneum |
|
What are the functions of the stratum corneum(3)? |
-water proofing -protection from abrasion and penetration -rendering the body relatively insensitive to biological, chemical, and physical assaults |
|
3-5 layers of dead cells; appears transparent; present in thick skin, absent in most thin skin |
stratum lucidum |
|
What are the functions of the stratum lucidum? |
dispersion of keratinohyalin around keratin fibers |
|
2-5 layers of flattened, diamond-shaped cells |
stratum granulosum |
|
What are the functions of the stratum granulosum? |
-production of keratohyalin granules -lamellar bodies release lipids from cells; cells die |
|
a total of 8-10 layers of many-sided cells |
stratum spinosum |
|
What are the functions of the stratum spinosum? |
-production of keratin fibers -formation of lamellar bodies |
|
deepest strata of the epidermis; single layer of cuboidal of columnar cells; basement membrane of the epidermis attaches to the dermis |
stratum basale |
|
What are the functions of the stratum basale? |
-production of cells of the most superficial strata -site of melanocytes, which produce and contribute melanin |
|
What is the protective function of melanin? |
it protects against UV light |
|
layer of the dermis where papillae project toward the dermis; loose connective tissue (areolar) with collagen and elastic fibers |
papillary layer |
|
What are the functions of the papillary layer? |
-brings blood vessels close to the epidermis -dermal papillae form fingerprints and footprints |
|
layer of the dermis made up of a mat of collagen and elastin fibers; dense irregular connective tissue that accounts for 80% of the thickness of the skin |
reticular layer |
|
What are the functions of the reticular layer? |
-strong in many directions -forms cleavage lines |
|
not part of the skin; loose connective tissue with abundant fat deposits |
subcutaneous tissue |
|
What are the functions of the subcutaneous tissue (3)? |
-attaches dermis to underlying structures -fat tissue provides energy storage, padding, and insulation -blood vessels and nerves from this region supply the dermis |
|
The epidermis is composed of _______ _______ _______ epithelium. |
keratinized stratified squamous |
|
What are the 4 cell types found in the epidermis? |
keratinocytes melanocytes Merkel cells Langerhan's cells |
|
most abundant cell type; produces the fibrous protein keratin; gives skin its protective properties |
keratinocytes |
|
produce the brown pigment melanin; found in the deepest layers of the epidermis |
melanocytes |
|
epidermal macrophages; help activate the immune system |
Langerhans' cells |
|
touch receptors in association with sensory nerve endings |
Merkel cells |
|
The structural strength of the stratum basale is provided by _______ and _______. |
desmosomes, hemidesmosomes |
|
The stratum _______ consists of a single row of the youngest keratinocytes. |
basale |
|
Melanin granules and Langerhans' cells are abundant in the stratum ______. Melanin is taken up by the _______ and accumulates on the "sunny side" to protect the nucleus from UV damage. |
spinosum, keratinocytes |
|
Keratinohyaline and lamellated bodies (waterproofing) accumulate in the stratum _____. Above this layer, epithelial cells _____ because they are _______. |
granulosum, die, too far from the dermis |
|
The stratum _______ is a thin transparent band superficial to the stratum granulosum. It consists of a few rows of ____, ____ _______. It is present only in _____ skin. |
lucidum, flat, dead keratinocytes, thick |
|
The stratum _______ is the outhermost layer of keratinized cells. It is about 20-30 cells layers thicks, dead, and accounts for _____ of the epidermal thickness. |
corneum, 3/4ths |
|
In the stratum ______, the dead cells have a hard protein envelope, contain keratin, and are surrounded by lipids. |
corneum |
|
In the stratum ______, the cells are dead and contain dispersed keratohyalin. |
lucidum |
|
In the stratum ______, keratinohyalin granules accumulate and a hard protein envelope forms beneath the plasma membrane' lamellar bodies release lipids; cells die. |
granulosum |
|
In the stratum _______, keratin fibers and lamellar bodies accumulate. |
spinosum |
|
In the stratum _____, cells divide by mitosis and some of the newly formed cells become the cells of the more superficial strata. |
basale |
|
What is the function of lamellar bodies? |
to release lipids and aid in skin shedding |
|
What are the two major differences between thick and thin skin?
|
-the stratum lucidum is usually absent in thin skin -hair is found only in thin skin |
|
_________ produce melanin inside ________ and transfer them to keratinocytes. |
melanocytes, melanosomes |
|
What determines skin color? |
the size and distribution of melanosomes |
|
Melanin production is determined by _______ but can be influenced by _______ and _______. |
genetics, UV light, hormones |
|
red skin color |
erythema |
|
What causes erythema? |
increase blood flow to the skin |
|
What causes cyanosis? |
decreased oxygen content in the blood |
|
What can cause the skin to appear yellowish/orangish? |
ingestion of a plant pigment called carotene |
|
Where are melanosomes produced? |
golgi apparatus of the melanocyte |
|
What are the steps in which melanosomes travel from the melanocyte to the epithelial cells? |
1. produced in golgi apparatus 2. move into melanocyte processes 3. epithelial cells phagocytize the tips of the processes 4. melanosomes are transferred to the epithelial cells
|
|
What cell types are found in the dermis? |
fibroblasts, a few adipose cells, and macrophages |
|
The superior surface contains peg-like projections called ___________. |
dermal papillae |
|
What are two important characteristics of dermal papillae? |
-genetically predetermined -responsible for fingerprints/footprints |
|
The blood vessels that supply the overlying epidermis are found in the _______. |
papillary layer |
|
What are the three functions of blood in the skin? |
-regulates body temperature -supplies nutrients -removes waste products |
|
The ________ fibers in the reticular layer of the dermis add strength and resiliency to the skin while the _______ fibers provide stretch-recoil properties. |
collagen, elastin |
|
caused when the skin is overstretched and the dermis ruptures and leaves visible lines |
striae (stretch marks) |
|
What is unique about the orientation of the elastin and collagen fibers in the dermis? |
they are oriented in one direction to produce cleavage, or tension, lines |
|
Subcutaneous tissue is composed of mostly ________ and _________. |
adipose tissue and areolar connective tissue |
|
__________ (fetal hair) that is replaced near the time of birth by ________ and ________ hairs. |
lanugo, terminal, vellus |
|
At puberty, ______ hairs can be replaced with terminal hairs. |
vellus |
|
columns of dead, keratinized epithelial cells |
hair |
|
Each hair consists of a _____ above the skin, a ____ below the skin, and a _____ at the site of formation. |
shaft, root, hair bulb |
|
the smooth muscles that cause hair to "stand on end" and produce "goose bumps" |
arrector pili |
|
simple or compound alveolar glands found all over the body except on the palms and soles |
sebaceous glands |
|
What is the role of sebaceous glands? |
they secrete an oily secretion called sebum that softens the skin |
|
an active inflammation of the sebaceous glands |
acne |
|
different types of glands that prevent overheating of the body |
sweat glands |
|
Sweat glands secrete ______ and ______. |
cerumen, milk |
|
glands that produce sweat, which cools the body; most numerous in the palms and soles of feet |
merocrine sweat glands |
|
found in axillary and genital areas; ducts empty into hair follicles; produce an organic secretion that can be broken down by bacteria to cause body odor |
apocrine sweat glands |
|
modified merocrine glands in external ear canal that secrete cerumen (ear wax) |
ceruminous glands |
|
specialized sweat glands that secrete milk |
mammary glands |
|
stratum corneum containing hard keratin |
nail |
|
The nail ____ is covered by skin and the nail ___ is the visible part. |
root, body |
|
Nearly all of the nail is formed by the ______, but the nail bed contributes as well. |
nail matrix |
|
part of the nail matrix that is visible through the nail body |
lunula |
|
medical term for cuticle |
eponychium |
|
Skin contains receptors for _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____. |
heat, cold, touch, pressure, pain |
|
What is the protective function of nails? |
protect the ends of digits |
|
What are the protective functions of hair? |
-protects against abrasion and UV light -acts as a heat insulator |
|
What is the role of UV light and skin in the production of vitamin D? |
UV light stimulates the production of a precursor molecule in the skin that is modified by the liver and kidneys into vitamin D |
|
What is the function of vitamin D in the body? |
increases calcium uptake in intestines |
|
least malignant and most common form of skin cancer; slow growing and does not often metastasize |
basal cell carcinoma |
|
What occurs with basal cell carcinoma? |
Stratum basal cells proliferate and invade the dermis and hypodermis |
|
How is basal cell carcinoma cured? |
surgical excision in 99% of all cases is effective |
|
a cancer that arises from the keratinocytes of Stratum Spinosum; most often found on scalp, ears, and lower lip; grows rapidly and metastasizes if not removed |
Squamous cell carcinoma |
|
How is squamous cell carcinoma treated? |
radiation therapy or surgical removal (effective) |
|
cancer of the melanocytes; most dangerous type; likely to metastasize and resistant to chemotherapy |
melanoma |
|
What are the ABCD rules of melanoma? |
A: asymmetry - the two sides do not match B: border - is irregular and exhibits indentations C: color - is black, brown, tan, red, and/or blue D: diameter - larger than 6mm |
|
How is melanoma treated? |
wide surgical excision accompanied by immunotherapy |
|
What is the chance of survival for melanoma? |
poor is lesion is over 4mm thick |
|
a burn in which only the epidermis is damaged |
first-degree burn |
|
What are the symptoms of a first degree burn? |
localized pain, redness, swelling |
|
a burn in which the epidermis and upper regions of the dermis are damaged |
second-degree burn |
|
What are the symptoms of a second-degree burn? |
first-degree burn symptoms + blisters |
|
a burn in which the entire thickness of the skin is damaged |
third-degree burn |
|
What are the symptoms of a third-degree burn? |
burned area appears grey-white, cherry red, or black; no initial edema or pain |
|
What are the areas of the rules of nines for an adult? |
head: 9% upper limb: 9% trunk (front or back): 18% genitals: 1% lower limb: 18% |
|
What are the areas of the rules of nines for a child? |
head: 15% upper limb: 9% trunk (front or back): 16% genitals: 1% lower limb: 17% |
|
When are burns considered critical? |
-over 25% of the body has second-degree burns -over 10% of the body has third-degree burns -third-degree burns on the face, hands, or feet |
|
What happens to skin as we age? |
-epidermal replacement of skin slows and skin becomes thinner -decreased elasticity and loss of subcutaneous tissue leads to wrinkles and cold intolerance -skin becomes dry and itchy -sweat and sebaceous glands are less active -number of melanocytes decreases |