Ch 5: The Integumentary System

Front 1

What is the type of "peach fuzz" hair called that replaces bald spots in alopecia and male pattern baldness?

Back 1

Fine Vellus Hairs

Front 2

Keratinized skin cells are H20 resistant but what dangerous chemicals break this physical barrier?

Back 2

Oleoresins (poison ivy, poison oak); organic solvents (acetone, dry cleaning fluid, paint thinner); salts of heavy metals (lead & mercury); penetration enhancer (help ferry other drugs into the body).

Front 3

What is the ABCDE rule and what cancer is it used to assess the severity of?

Back 3

ABCD rule is used for recognizing melanoma.
Asymmetry
Border irregularity
Color is varied
Diameter >6mm

Front 4

What are the two discrete tissue layers the integument is composed of?

Back 4

The dermis and the epidermis make up the integument. The dermis is primarily composed of connective tissue while the epidermis is primarily made up of epithelial tissue.

Front 5

What is the actively growing region of the nail called?

Back 5

The thickened proximal portion of the nail called the nail matrix is where most of the nail growth occurs.

Front 6

The most common skin disorders result from what?

Back 6

The most common skin disorders result from bacterial, viral or yeast infection.

Front 7

1] When walking barefoot you stepped on a rusty nail that penetrated the epidermis on the sole of the foot. Name the layers the nail pierced fromt the superficial skin surface to the junction with the dermis.

Back 7

Since the sole of the foot has thick skin the layers from superficial to deepest would be:
stratum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale.

Front 8

2] The stratum basale is also called the stratum germinativum, a name that refers to the major fuction of this cell layer, what is that function?

Back 8

Stratum basale undergoes almost continuous mitosis to replace cells lost by abrasion.

Front 9

3] Why are the desmosomes connecting the keratinocytes so important?

Back 9

The skin is subjected to a lot of abrasion and physical trama. The desmosomes, which are connecting junctions, help to hold the cells together during such stress.

Front 10

4] Given that epithelia are avascular, what layer would be expected to have the best-nourised cells?

Back 10

The stratum basale, which abuts the dermis where the blood supply is, has the best nourished cells.

Front 11

5] What layer of the dermis is responsible for producing fingerprint patterns?

Back 11

The papillary layer of the dermis gives rise to fingerprint patterns.

Front 12

6] What cell component of the hypodermis makes it a good shock absorber?

Back 12

Fatty tissue in the hypodermis gives it insulating and shock absorbing properties.

Front 13

7] You have a paper cut and it is painful but does not bleed. Has the cut penetrated into the dermis or the epidermis?

Back 13

Because there is no bleeding, the cut has penetrated into the avascular epidermis only.

Front 14

8] Melanin and carotene are two pigments that contribute to skin color. What is the third and where is it found?

Back 14

The third pigment contributing to skin color is hemoglobin, the pigment found in red blood cells found in blood vessels of the dermis.

Front 15

9] What is cyanosis and what does it indicate?

Back 15

Cyanosis is the bluish cast of the skin that indicates that hemoglobin the the RBC's in the dermal capillaries is poorly oxygenated.

Front 16

10] What alteration in skin color may indicate a liver disorder?

Back 16

Jaundice or a ellow cast ot the skin due to deposit of yellow bile pigments in body tissues may indicate a liver disorder.

Front 17

11] Which cutaneous glands are associated with hair follicles?

Back 17

Sebaceous (oil) glands and apocrine glands are associated with hair follicles.

Front 18

12] When Anthony returned home from a run in 85F weather, his face was dripping with sweat. Why?

Back 18

His sympathetic nervous system activated his eccrine sweat glands and caused heat induced sweating in order to cool the body.

Front 19

13] What is the difference between heat-induced sweating and a "cold sweat", and which variety of sweat glands is involved?

Back 19

Heat induced sweating occurs all over the body when we are overheated. A cold sweat is emotionally induced sweating that begins on the palms, soles, and armpits and then spreads to other body areas. Both types of sweating are produced by the eccrine sweat glands, but activity of apocrine sweat glands is also likely during a cold sweat.

Front 20

14] Sebaceous glands are not found in thick skin. Why is their absence in thos body regions desirable?

Back 20

The palms ofthe hands and soles of the feet are thick skin areas. It would be dangerous to have oily soles, and oily palms would decrease the ability of the hands to hang onto things.

Front 21

15] What are the concentric region sof a hair shaft, from the outside in?

Back 21

The regions of a hair from outside in are the cuticle, cortex, and medulla.

Front 22

16] Why is having your hair cut painless.

Back 22

There are no nerves in the hair.

Front 23

17] What is the role of an arrector pili muscle?

Back 23

The arrector pili muscles pull the hair (normally slanted) to the upright position (when cold or scared).

Front 24

18] What is the function of the hair papilla?

Back 24

The hair papilla contains a knot of capillaries that supplies nutrients to cells of the hair bulb.

Front 25

19] Why is lunule of a nail white instead of pink like the rest of the nail?

Back 25

The lunule of the nail is white because the thick nail matrix that underlies it blocks the rosy color of the dermal blood supply from showing through.

Front 26

20] Why are nails so hard?

Back 26

Nails are hard becasue the keratin they contain is the hard keratin variety.

Front 27

21] What chemicals produced in the skin help provide barriers to bacteria? List at least three and explain how the chemicals are protective.

Back 27

The low pH of skin secretions (acid mantle) inhibits division of bacteria, and many bacteria are killed by bactericidal substances in sebum or by natural antibiotics called defensins.

Front 28

22] What epidermal cells play a role in body immunity?

Back 28

They epidermal dendritic cells play a role in body immunity.

Front 29

23] How is sunlight important ot bone health?

Back 29

Sunlight causes the skin to produce a precursor of Vit D from cholesterol.

Front 30

24] How does the skin contribute to body metabolism?

Back 30

The skin carries out chemical conversions that supplement some of the protective conversions carried out by the liver, convert some chemicals into carcinogens, activate some steroid hormones, an dsythesize the Vit D precursor.

Front 31

25] Which type of skin cancer develops from the youngest epidermal cells?

Back 31

Basal cell carcinoma develops from the youngest epidermal cells.

Front 32

26] What name is given to the rule for recognizing the signs of melanoma?

Back 32

The ABCD rule helps one to recognize signs of melanoma.

Front 33

27] The healing of burns and epidermal regeneration is usually uneventful unless the burn is a third degree burn. What accounts for this difference?

Back 33

First and second degree burns can heal uneventfully by regeneration of epidermal cells as long as infection does not occur. Third degree bruns destroy the entire epidermis and regeneration is not possible. Infection and loss of body fluid and proteins are problematic.

Front 34

28] Although the anterior head and face represent only a small percentage of the body surface, burns to this area are much more serious than those to the body trunk. Why?

Back 34

Burns to the face are serious because damage to the lungs can occur in such burns.

Front 35

29] What is the source of vernix aseosa that covers the skin of the newborn baby?

Back 35

Vernix caseosa is a product of the sebaceous glands.

Front 36

30] What change in the skin leads to cold intolerance in the elderly?

Back 36

Loss of SQ fat, common in the elderly, leads to cold intolerance.

Front 37

31] How does UV radiation contribute to wrinkling of the skin?

Back 37

UV radiation degrades collagen and leads to loss of skin elasticity and water holding capacity.