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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Endosymbiotic theory
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-Eukaryotic cell resulted from one prokaryotic cell engulfing another prokaryotic cell
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Evidence
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Some eukaryotic organelles resemble prokaryotic cells
-Mitochondria & chloroplasts are rod-shaped, measured in UMS, have 70s Ribosomes, HAVE OWN DNA that similar to prokaryotic DNA |
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Eukaryotic>Flagella
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-composed of protein TUBULIN
-10x thicker than prokaryotic flagella -function in motility |
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Eukaryotic>Cilia
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similar overall structure flagella, But shorter and more numerous
-found only on a single group of ProTozoa* and certain animal cells -function in motility, feeding, filtering. |
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Eukaryotic>Glycocalyx
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Outermost boundary that comes into direct contact with environment
-composed of Polysaccharides -network of fibers, either Slime layer or Capsule |
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Cell wall
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-Rigid, provides structural support and shape
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Eukaryotic> Fungi
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-have thick inner layer of polysaccharide fibers composed of chitin
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Eukaryotic> Algae
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varies in chemical composition
-may be cellulose, pectin, mannans, silicon dioxide, and calcium carbonate |
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Eukaryotic> Animal
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-no cell wall
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Nucleus
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Control center of Eukaryotic cell
-Envelope composed of two parallel membranes separated by a narrow space; perforated with pores. |
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Nucleolus
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-Dark area for rRNA Synthesis and ribosome assembly.
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Two types of Endoplasmic reticulum
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-Rough Endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
-Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum (SER) |
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Rough Endoplasmic reticulum
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-originates from outer membrane of nuclear envelope
-extends in continuous network through cytoplasm -proteins synthesized on Ribosomes -Shunted into ER for packaging and transport; first step in secretory pathway |
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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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-closed tubular network WITHout Ribosomes
-Functions in nutrient processing, synthesis, and storage of LIPIDS |
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Golgi apparatus
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-Modifies, stores, and PACKage proteins
-Secretes VESICLES -Consists of stack of flattened sacs called Cisternae |
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Mitochondria
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-function in energy production
-outer membrane and inner membrane with folds called CRISTAE -cristae hold enzymes and electron carriers of aerobic respiration -divide independently of cell -contain DNA and 70s prokaryotic ribosomes |
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Chloroplast
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-Convert energy of sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis
-found in Algae and plant cell - |
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Ribosomes
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80s, composed of rRNA and Proteins
-Scattered in cytoplasm, function in protein synthesis |
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Fungi
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-Eukaryotic cells, single or multicellular, heterotrophic(look for own food)
-Mycology(study of fungi) -facultative parasites -Nutrition- send out exoenzymes to break down material, absorb digested material cell wall - Chitin membrane - ergosterol |
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Facultative parasites
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-An organism that lives independent of a host but may occasionally be parasitic under certain conditions.
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Dimorphism *
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-ability to alter structure when changing environment
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Fungi> Structure
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Mycelium- mass of hyphae
Hyphae- Fungal filaments Septate- separated by walls Coenocytic- no walls |
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Sexual reproduction`
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-spores are formed following fusion of two different strains and formation of a sexual structure
-zygospores, ascospores, and basidiospores |
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Sexual spores
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-spore forming structures are used for identification AND are the usual basis for CLASSIFICATION
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Asexual reproduction
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-spores are formed through budding or mitosis
-two subtypes of asexual spores: conidia, sporangiospores |
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Asexual spores
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-used for identification
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Phylum Zygomycota*
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- zygospores; mostly spoangiospores and some conidia
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Phylum Ascomycota*
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-ascospores; conidia
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Phylum Basidiomycota*
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-flagellated spores
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Imperfect or Deuteromycota*
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-Fungi that produce only Asexual spores
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Adverse impact
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-mycoses
-allergies -toxin production -destruction of crops and food storage |
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Mycoses
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- fungal infection
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Allergies
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- fungal cell wall substance trigger reactions
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Toxin poduction
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- aflatoxin, ergot toxin; neuological effect
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Beneficial impact
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-decomposer of dead plant and animal
-form association with plant root -aid in digestion in guts of herbivores -source of antibiotics, alcohol, organic acids, vitamins -use in making food, -used in genetic studies |
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Protists
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-Eukaryotic cells, unicellular, mostly microscopic; some macroscopic, mostly aquatic.
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Algae
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-microscopic are unicellular, colonial, filamentous
-macroscopic are colonial and multicellular -Mos are FREE Living in fresh and marine water- PLAnkton |
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Gelidium
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-marine red algae used to make agar
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Alexandrium
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-dinoflagellate
-produces saxitoxin -causes PSP-paralytic shellfish poisoning |
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Gambierdiscus
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-dinoflagellate
-produces CIGUA Toxin in fish like grouper and red snapper -cuases disease Ciguatera -toxin NOT Inactivated by cooking. |
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Yeast
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-Soft, uniform texture and appearance
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Budding
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-Reproduce through asexual process
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Mycelium
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- mass of hyphae
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Coenocytic
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- no walls
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Septate
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- separated by walls
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Phylum Chyridomycota
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-flagellated spores
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