Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
What are the major animal phyla with gastrovascular cavities? Why don't these organisms need a circulatory system?
|
Cnidarians and Planarians. They do not need a circulatory system b/c of their simple body plan.
|
|
|
Distinguish between an open and closed circulatory system.
|
In an open circulatory system, the blood bathes the organs directly.
In a closed circulatory system, blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from the interstital fluid. |
|
|
Using an arthropod as an example, describe the circulation of hemolymph.
|
When the heart contracts, it pumps hemolymph through vessels out into sinuses. When the heart relaxes, it draws hemolymph into the circulatory system pores called ostia.
|
|
|
Explain how hemolymph differs from mammalian blood.
|
Hemolymph differs to mammalian blood in that there is no distinction between blood and interstital fluid.
|
|
|
Humans & other vertebrates have a closed circulatory system often called what?
|
Cardiovascular system
|
|
|
The vertebrate heart has 1 or 2 atria(atrium), what is the atrium?
|
The atria are chambers that recieve blood returning to the heart.
|
|
|
The vertebrate heart also has 1 or 2 ventricles, which are what?
|
The ventricles are the chambers that pump blood out of the heart.
|
|
|
What are the 3 main kinds of blood vessels? What do they do?
|
1)Arteries-carry blood away from the heart to organs throughout the body.
2)Arterioles-within organs, arteries branch into these small vessels that convey blood to the capillaries. 3)Capillaries-microscopic vessels with very thin, porous walls. |
|
|
What carries blood from the heart toward capillaries?
|
Arteries
|
|
|
What returns blood to the heart from capillaries?
|
Veins
|
|
|
What is an important factor in the evolution of cardiovascular systems?
|
Metabolic rate
|
|
|
What difference does an animal with a higher metabolic rate have with one with a lower metabolic rate.
|
Animals with a higher metabolic rate have more complex circulatory systems and more powerful hearts.
|
|
|
What is it called when blood is pumped from the ventricle and travels firts to the gills?
|
Gill circulation
|
|
|
What is it called when the gill capillaries converge into a vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood to capillary beds throughout all other parts of the body?
|
Systemic circulation
|
|
|
What Circuit leads to capillaries in the gas exchange organs(the lungs & skin in a frog)?
|
Pulmocutaneous circuit
|
|
|
Where is most of the returning oxygen-rich blood pumped into?
|
Systenuc circuit
|
|
|
What provides a vigorous flow of blood to the brain, muscles,& other organs b/c the blood is pumped a second time after it loses pressure in the capillary beds of the lungs or skin.
|
Double circulation
|
|
|
Reptiles have double circulation with what 2 circuits?
|
Pulmonary & systemic
|
|
|
True or False
In all mammals and birds, the ventricle is completely divided into seperate right and left chambers. |
True
|
|
|
Mammals & birds have how many chambers in their heart?
|
Four
|
|
|
Which side of the mammal & bird hearts receives and pumps only oxygen-rich blood?
|
The left side.
|
|
|
What does the right side of the mammal & bird heart recieve and pump?
|
Oxygen-poor blood
|
|
|
Compare & contrast the circulatory systems of fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, & birds.
|
Fishes, Amphibians, Reptiles, mammals, & birds all have a systemic circuit, atrium, & ventricle.
Fishes are the only ones that have a 2 chambered heart, 1 atrium, & a single circuit of blood flow. Amphibians are the only ones that have the pulmocutaneous circuit. Reptiles are the only ones that have a right systemic aorta, and the ventricle partially divided by a septum. Mammals & birds are the only ones that that ventricle is completely divided into seperate right & left chambers. |
|
|
Distinguish between pulmonary and systemic circuits, explain the function of each, & describe the advantages of double circulation over a single circuit.
|
A pulmonary circuit is where double circulation is done in reptiles. Returning oxygen-rich blood is pumped into the systemic circuit.
Double circulation has an advantage over a single circuit in that it has a more vigorous flow of blood to the brain, muscles, & other organs. |
|
|
What is the first step with the pulmonary circuit?
|
The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs through the capillary beds in the left & right lungs via pulmonary arteries.
|
|
|
What is the next step after the blood has been pumped through the lumgs?
|
Oxygen-rich blood returns from the lungs via pulmonary veins to the left atrium of the heart.
|
|
|
What is the next step after the oxygen-rich blood enters the left atrium of the heart?
|
The oxygen-rich blood flows into the left ventricle as the ventricle opens and the atrium contracts.The left ventricle pumps oxygen-rich blood out through the aorta to body tissues through the systemic circuit.
|
|
|
What is the next step after the blood flows through the capillaries of the limbs & organs?
|
Oxygen-poor blood from the head,neck,& forelimbs is channeled into a large vein called the anterior vena cava.
Another large vein called the posterior vena cava drains blood from the trunk and hind limbs. |
|
|
What is the next step after the oxygen-poor blood flows through the anterior & posterior vena cava?
|
The 2 venae cavae empty their blood into the right atrium, from which the oxygen-poor blood flows into the right ventricle.
|
|
|
What is the cardiac cycle? How is it controlled?
|
One complete sequence of pumping and filling.The heart contracts(systole)and relaxes(diastole)in a rhythmic cycle. When it contracts, it pumps blood; when it relaxes, its chambers fill with blood.
|
|
|
Describe the composition of mammalian lymph.
|
The composition of lymph is about the same as that of interstitial fluid.
|
|
|
How does the lymphatic system help the normal functioning of the cardiovascular system.
|
The lymphatic system helps the normal functioning of the cardiovascular system by defending against infection, maintaining the volume of protein concentration in the blood, & transports fats from the digestive tract to the circulatory system.
|
|
|
How does the lymphatic system help defend the body against infection?
|
The lymphatic system has organs called lymph nodes that filter the lymph and attack viruses & bacteria.
|
|
|
List the components of mammalian blood.
|
1)Nutrients(glucose,fatty acids,vitamins)
2)Metabolic wastes 3)Respiratory gases(O2&CO2)& hormones |
Plasma's substances
|
|
What is not very permeable to proteins?
|
Capillary walls
|
|
|
What are the 3 cellular elements? What are their functions?
|
1)Erythrocytes(red blood cells)-transport oxygen,lack mitochondria,nuclei,& generate their own ATP by anaerobic metabolism.
2)Leukocytes(white blood cells)-fight infections 3)Platelets-fragments of cells in the bone marrow that are involved in the process of blood clotting after entering the blood. |
Leukocytes:monocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils,& lymphocytes.
|
|
What are low-density lipoproteins(LDLs)?
|
Growths that develop on the inner walls of arteries.
|
"Bad cholesterol"
|
|
What are high-density lipoproteins(HDLs)?
|
Appears to reduce the deposition of cholesterol.
|
"Good cholesterol"
|
|
What is the cardiovascular disease that can cause plaque to form and narrows arteries?
|
Atherosclerosis
|
|
|
What does hypertension promote?
|
Promotes Atherosclerosis and increases the risk of heart attacks and strokes.
|
"high blood pressure"
|
|
What is a heart attack?
What are the factors that increase the risk of suffering from a heart attack? |
A heart attack is the death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from prolonged blockage of one or more coronary arteries, the vessels that supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart.
Factors that increase the risk of suffering from a heart attack is physical or emotional stress. |
|
|
What is a stroke?
What are the factors that increase the risk of suffering from a stroke? |
A stroke is the death of nervous tissue in the brain, usually resulting from rupture or blockage of arteries in the head.
Factors that increase the risck of suffering from a stroke is physical or emotional stress. |
|
|
What is the part of an animal's body where gases are exchanged with the surrounding environment?
|
Respiratory surface
|
|
|
What are the general requiremnets for a respiratory surface? List the variety of respiratory organs adapted for this purpose.
|
Respiratory surfaces tend to be thin and have a large surface area & all living cells must be bathed in water to maintain their plasma membranes.
Gills tracheae & lungs |
|
|
Describe the respitory adaptations of aquatic animals and why counter current exchange is an efficient process for gas exchange in an aquatic medium.
|
Respitory adaptations of aquatic animals are gills and ventilation.
Counter current exchange is an efficient process b/c along the entire length of the capillary, there is a diffusion gradient favoring the transfer of O2 from water to blood. This way the gills are able to remove more than 80% of the O2 dissolved in the water passin over the respitory surface. |
|
|
Describe the advantages and disadvantages of air as a respiratory medium.
|
Advantages-higher concentration of oxygen& less energy is needed.
Disadvantages-the respiratory surface continuously loses water to the air by evaporation. |
|
|
Explain how insects $ terrestrial vertebrates are adapted to deal with the disadvantages of air as a respiratory medium.
|
Insects have a tracheal system and terrestrial vertebrates have lungs.
|
|