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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
epidermis |
-part of skin structure of all vertebrates -outer layer -strata: -stratum corneum is the outer layer, produces keratin for strength, flexibility and fluid retention -stratum basale inner layer where new cells push old cells outward, pigment cells produce melanin |
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dermis |
-part of vertebrate skin structure -dense, fibrous connective tissue -blood vessels and sensory receptors -hair follicles and sweat glands |
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endoskeletons |
-internal skeletons that grow -vertebrates |
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components of axial skeleton |
1. skull 2. vertebral column 3. ribs 4. sternum |
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components of appendicular skeleton |
1. limb bones 2. pectoral girdle 3. pelvic girdle |
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osteocytes |
-bone cells |
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endochondral bone development |
-fetal -from cartilage templates -formation of long bones
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ossification |
-growing period of bone -starts at the diaphysis (middle of bone) and grows out to epiphysis |
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intramembranous bone development |
-skull development among others -develop from non-cartilage connective tissue |
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osteoblast |
-produce bone cells -secrete collagen that strengthens bone |
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osteoclasts |
-break down bone -hydrogen ions and digestive enzymes -work in conjunction with osteoblasts to remodel, reshape, and replace bone |
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antagonist action of skeletal muscles |
1.agonist muscle contracts 2.antagonist muscle relaxes |
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sarcomeres |
-repeating units in the muscle made up of myosin and actin filaments -basic units of muscle contraction |
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myofibrils |
-threadlike structures that run lengthwise through the muscle fiber -consist of myofilaments
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acetylcholine (first step of muscle contraction) |
-neurotransmitter that is released in order to initiate muscle contraction -binds receptors on the surface of a muscle fiber |
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Calcium ions (second step of muscle contraction) |
-calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum -Ca2+ binds troponin in the actin filaments |
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troponin (third step of muscle contraction) |
-troponin changes shape and displaces tropomyosin, exposing myosin binding sites on the actin filaments |
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ATP (fourth step of muscle contraction) |
-ATP binds to myosin -myosin extends and attaches to actin through the binding sites (cross bridges)
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Power Stroke (fifth step of muscle contraction) |
-the power stroke is the action in which myosin moves actin towards the M line, shortening the sarcomere (contraction) -myosin head binds to a new ATP and continues contraction |