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19 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

epidermis

-part of skin structure of all vertebrates


-outer layer


-strata:


-stratum corneum is the outer layer, produces keratin for strength, flexibility and fluid retention


-stratum basale inner layer where new cells push old cells outward, pigment cells produce melanin

dermis

-part of vertebrate skin structure


-dense, fibrous connective tissue


-blood vessels and sensory receptors


-hair follicles and sweat glands

endoskeletons

-internal skeletons that grow


-vertebrates

components of axial skeleton

1. skull


2. vertebral column


3. ribs


4. sternum

components of appendicular skeleton

1. limb bones


2. pectoral girdle


3. pelvic girdle

osteocytes

-bone cells

endochondral bone development

-fetal


-from cartilage templates


-formation of long bones


ossification

-growing period of bone


-starts at the diaphysis (middle of bone) and grows out to epiphysis

intramembranous bone development

-skull development among others


-develop from non-cartilage connective tissue

osteoblast

-produce bone cells


-secrete collagen that strengthens bone

osteoclasts

-break down bone


-hydrogen ions and digestive enzymes


-work in conjunction with osteoblasts to remodel, reshape, and replace bone

antagonist action of skeletal muscles

1.agonist muscle contracts


2.antagonist muscle relaxes

sarcomeres

-repeating units in the muscle made up of myosin and actin filaments


-basic units of muscle contraction

myofibrils

-threadlike structures that run lengthwise through the muscle fiber


-consist of myofilaments


acetylcholine (first step of muscle contraction)

-neurotransmitter that is released in order to initiate muscle contraction


-binds receptors on the surface of a muscle fiber

Calcium ions (second step of muscle contraction)

-calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum


-Ca2+ binds troponin in the actin filaments

troponin (third step of muscle contraction)

-troponin changes shape and displaces tropomyosin, exposing myosin binding sites on the actin filaments

ATP (fourth step of muscle contraction)

-ATP binds to myosin


-myosin extends and attaches to actin through the binding sites (cross bridges)


Power Stroke (fifth step of muscle contraction)

-the power stroke is the action in which myosin moves actin towards the M line, shortening the sarcomere (contraction)


-myosin head binds to a new ATP and continues contraction