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Cell theory

Cell theory

All organisms consist of one or more cells, which are the basic unit of life; all cells come from a division of preexisting cells; and all cells pass hereditary material to offspring.

Four parts

Cytoplasm

Semifluid substance enclosed by a cell's plasma membrane

Nucleus

Of a eukaryotic cell, organelles with double membrane that hold the cell's DNA.

Organelle

Structure that carries out a specialized metabolic function inside a cell.

Plasma membrane

A cell's outermost membrane

Far out, man.

Surface to volume ratio

A relationship in which the volume an object increases with the cube of the diameter, and the surface area increases with the square.

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm and DNA.

all cells start life with these three components.

Purpose of plasma membrane

1. Separate cells external environment from its internal one.



2. Allows some substances but not others, to cross it

The foundation of almost all cell membranes

Lipid bilayer

Protein that helps cells stick together in animal tissues

Adhesion protein

Model of a cell membrane as a two dimensional fluid of mixed composition

Fluid mosaic

It's a work of ART

Membrane protein that triggers a change in cell activity after binding to a particular substance

Receptor protein

Plasma membrane protein that identifies a cell as belonging to self (ones own body or species)

Recognition protein

Protein that passively or actively assists specific ions or molecules across a membrane

Transport protein

The "Jason Statham" protein

________embedded in or attached to a lipid bilayer add specific functions to each type of cell membrane.

Proteins

Community of microorganisms living within a shared mass of secreted slime.

Biofilm

Not to be mistaken with a movie about someone's life.

Cell wall

Rigid but permeable structure that surrounds the plasma membrane of some cells.

Found on bacteria and archaea; long, slender, cellular structure used for motility.

Flagellum

Nucleoid

Of a bacterium or archaeon, region of cytoplasm where the DNA is concentrated.

Pilus

A protein filament that projects from the surface of some prokaryotic cells. Used to attach to surfaces

Small circle of DNA in some bacteria and archaea.

Plasmid

Organelle responsible for protein synthesis.

Ribosome

Protein factories

A double membrane that constitutes the outer boundary of the nucleus. Pores within the membrane control which substance can cross.

Nuclear envelope

You can't send your mail in this!!

Nucleolus

In a cell nucleus, a dense irregular shaped region where ribosomal subunits are assembled.

Viscous fluid enclosed by the nuclear envelope

Nucleoplasm

Identify the components of the cell nucleus

Fluid filled vesicle in many plant cells

Central vacuole

Series of interacting organelles (rough and smooth ER, golgi bodies and vesicles) between nucleus and plasma membrane; produces lipids and proteins.

Endomembrane system

Organelle that is a continuous system of sacs and rubes extending from the nuclear envelope. Smooth ER makes lipids and breaks down carbohydrates and fatty acids; ribosomes on the surface of the rough ER synthesize proteins.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

It's what ER stands for

Organelle that modifies proteins and lipids, then packages the finished product into vesicles.

Golgi body

It's not a berry

Double-membraned organelle that produces ATP by aerobic respiration in eukaryotes.

Mitochondrian (pl. Mitochondria)

Organelle of photosynthesis in the cells of plants and photosynthetic protists.

Chloroplast

One of several types of double- membraned organelles in plants and algal cells

Plastid

Chromoplast

Type of plastid. Related to chloroplast. Make and store pigment other than chlorophyll. Interconvertible with chloroplasts.

Amyloplast

Unpigmented plastids. Make and store starch grains. Related and interconvertible with chloroplasts.

Name the functions

Organelle that develops from a centriole.

Basal Body

This is not for cooking

Mesh of cytoskeletal elements under a plasma membrane

Cell Cortex

Barrel shaped organelle from which microtubules grow

Centriole

Short, moveable structure that projects from the plasma membrane of some eukaryotic cells

Cilia

Network of interconnected protein filaments that support, organize, and move eukaryotic cells and their parts.

Cytoskeleton

Most stable cytoskeletal that structurally supports cell membranes and tissues. Made of different protein subunits.

Intermediate Filament

Cytoskeletal element that is a fiber of actin subunits. Reinforces cell membranes; functions in muscle contractions.

Microfilament

Cytoskeletal element involved in movement; hollow filament of tubulin subunits.

Microtubule

Type of energy using protein that interacts with cytoskeletal elements to move the cells parts or the whole cell.

Motor Protein

A temporary protrusion that helps some eukaryotic cells move and engulf prey.

Pseudopod

Cell junction composed of adhesion proteins that connect to cytoskeletal elements. Fastens cells to each other and basement membrane.

Adhering junction

Found in contractile tissues

Structure that connects a cell to another cell or to extracellular matrix.

Cell Junction

Secreted covering at a body surface

Cuticle

Complex mixture of cell secretions; it's composition and function vary by cell type.

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

No its not electronic dance music!

Cell junction that forms a closable channel across the plasma membranes of adjoining animal cells. When open, they allow water, ions and small molecules to pass from one cytoplasm of a cell to another.

Gap Junctions

Material that strengthens cell walls of vascular plants.

Lignan

Makes up as much as 25% of the secondary wall of cells in older stems and roots.

Cell junctions that form an open channel between the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells.

Plasmodesmata

The first cell wall of young plant cells

Primary wall

Lignan-reinforced wall that forms inside the primary wall of a plant cell

Secondary Wall

Arrays of adhesion proteins that join epithelial (outer surface) cells and collectively preventing fluids from leaking between them.

Tight Junctions

This is why a stomach lining is leak proof.

Use visible light to illuminate microscopic samples. Light passes through or bounces off a specimen and magnifies it. Effective magnification up to 2000X

Light Microscope

Uses an electron beam to illuminate a specimen and produce a magnified image. Magnification power of 200,000X to 500,000X

Electron Microscope

Electron beam hits only the surface of the cell and shows specimens surface in detail

Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

Electron beam travels through a specimen to show the inner details.

Transmission electron microscope (TEM)