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164 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
appendicular skeleton
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bones of shoulder pelvis and upper and lower extremities
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axial skeleton
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bones of skull, vertebral column chest and hyoid bone
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bone
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specialized connective tissue composed of osteocytes forming the skeleton
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compact bone
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tightly solid strong bone tissue resistant to bending
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spongy bone
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meshlike bone tissue containing marrow and fine branching canals through which blood vessels run
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long bones
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bones of arms and legs
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short bones
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bones of wrists and ankles
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flat bones
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bones of ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis and skull
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irregular bones
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bones of vertebrae and face
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sesamoid bones
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round bones found near joints
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epiphysis
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wide ends of a long bone
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diaphysis
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shaft of a long bone
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metaphysis
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growth zone between epiphysis and diaphysis druing development of a long bone
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endosteum
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membrane lining the medullary cavity of a bone
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medullary cavity
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cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow
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bone marrow
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soft connective tissue within the medullary cavity of bones
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red bone marrow
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functions to form red blood cells some white blood cells and platelets; found in cavities of most bones in infants and in the flat bones in adults
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yellow bone marrow
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gradually replaces red bone marrow in adult bones; fuctions as storage for fat tissue; and is inactive in formation of blood cells
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periosteum
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a fibrous, vascular membrane that covers the bone
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articular cartilage
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agristlelike substance on bones where they articulate
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articulation
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a joint; the point where two bones come together
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bursa
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a fibrous sac between certain tendons and bones, lined with a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid
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disk
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a flat, platelike structure composed of fibrocartilaginous tissue found between the vertebrae to reduce friction
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mucleus pulpsus
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ssoft fibrocartilaginous central portion of intervertebral disc
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ligament
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a flexible band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone
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synovial membrane
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membrane lining the capsule of a joint
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synovial fluid
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joint-lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane
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muscle
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tissue composed of fibers that can contract causing movement of an organ or part of the body
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striated (skeletal) muscle
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voluntary muscle attached to the skeleton
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smooth muscle
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involuntairy muscle found in internal organs
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cardiac muscle
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muscle of the heart
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origin of a muscle
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muscle end attached to the bone that does not move when the muscle contracts
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insertion of a muscle
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muscle end attached to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts
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tendon
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a band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone
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fascia
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a band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that convers, supports, and separates muscle
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anatomical position
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position of the body to which health professionals refer when noting body planes, position or directions: the person is assumed to be standing upright, facing forward, feet pointed forward and slightly apart with arms at sides and palms facing forward; the PT is visualized in this pose before applying any other term of reference
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body planes
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reference planes for indicating the location or direction of body parts
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coronal or frontal plane
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vertical division of the body into anterior and posterior portions
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sagittal plane
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vertial division of the boday into right and left portions
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transverse plane
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horizontal divisioin of the body into upper and lower portions
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anterior (A) ventral
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front of the body
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posterior (P) dorsal
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back of the body
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anterior-posterior (AP)
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front to back; like an xray beam
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posterir-anterior (PA)
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back to front; like an xray beam
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superior (cephalic)
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situated above another structure; towards the head
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inferior (caudal)
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situated below another structure; away from the head
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proximal
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toward the beginning or origin of a structure
eg: the ___ aspect of the femur is the area closet to where it attaches to the hip |
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distal
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away from the beginning or origin of a structure
eg: the ___ aspect of the femour is the area at the end of the bone near the knee |
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medial
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toward the middle (midline)
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lateral
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toward the side
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axis
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line that runs thru the center of the body or body part
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erect
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normal standing position
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decubitus
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lying down, esp in a bed
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prone
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lying face down and flat
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recumbent
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lying down
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supine
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horizontal recumbent; lying flat on the back (on the spine)
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flexion
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bending at the joint so that the angle between the bones is decreased
ex: flexing arm to a 90* angle |
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extension
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straightening at the joint so that the angle between teh bones is increased
ex: extending an arm to point |
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abduction
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movt away from the body
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adduction
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movt toward the body
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rotation
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circular movt around an axis
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eversion
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turning outward
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inversion
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turning inward
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supination
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turning upward or forward of the palmar surface
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pronation
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turning downward or backward of the palmar surface
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dorsiflexion
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bending of the foot or the toes upward (flex)
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plantar flexion
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bending of the sole of the floot by curling the toes toward the ground (point)
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range of motion (ROM)
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total motion possilbe in a joint described by the terms related to body movts
ie: the ability to flex, extend, abduct or adduct; measured in degrees |
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goniometer
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inst used to measure joint angles
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arthraliga
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joint pain
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atrophy
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shrinking of muscle size
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crepitation
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grating sounds sometimes made by movt of a joint or broken bones
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crepitus
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grating sounds sometimes made by movt of a joint or broken bones
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exostosis
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a projection arising from a bone that develops from cartilage
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flaccid
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flabby, relaxed, or having defective or absent muscle tone
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hypertrophy
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inc in muscle size
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hypotonia
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reduced muscle tension
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ostealgia
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bone pain
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osteodynia
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bone pain
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rigor or rigidity
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stiffness; stiff muscle
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spasm
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drawing in; involuntary contraction of muscle
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spastic
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uncontrolled contractions of skeletal muscles causing stiff and awkward movts
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tetany
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tension; prolonged continuous muscle contraction
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tremor
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shaking; rhythmic muscular movt
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ankyosis
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stiff joint condition
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arthritis
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inflammation of the joints char. by pain swelling redness warmth and limited ROM
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osteoarthritis
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most common form of arthritis, esp affecting weight-bearing joints; char by erosion of articular cartilage
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rheumatoid arthritis
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most crippling form; char by chronic systemic inflammation most often affecting joints and synovial membranes; esp in hands and feet; causes ankylosis and deformity
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gouty arthritis
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acute attacks of arthritis usually in a single joint caused by hyperuricemia
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bony necrosis
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bone tissue that has died from loss of blood supply (after a fracture
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sequestrum
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bone tissue that has died from loss of blood supply (after a fracture
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bunioin
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swelling of the joint at the base of the breat toe caused by inflammation of the bursa
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bursitis
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inflammation of the bursa
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chondromalacia
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softening of the cartilage
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epiphysitis
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inflammation of the epiphseal regions of the long bone
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fracture
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broken or cracked bone
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closed fracture
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broken bone with no open wound
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open fracture
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compound frature; broken bone with and open wound
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simple fracture
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a nondisplaced fracture wtih one fracture line that does not require extensive treatment to repair (hairline Fx, stress Fx, crack)
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complex fracture
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a displaced fracture that requires manipulation or surgery to repair
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fracture line
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the line of the break in a broken bone
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comminuted fracture
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broken in to many little pieces
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greenstick fracture
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bending and incomplete break oof a bone -- most often seen in children
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herniated disk
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protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk sot hat the nucleus pulposus protudes causing compression on the nerve root
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myeloma
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bone marrow tumor
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myositis
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inflam of muscle
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myoma
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muscle tumor
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leiomyoma
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smooth muscle tumor
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leiomyoscarcoma
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malignant smooth muscle tumor
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rhabdomyoma
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skeletal muscle tumor
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rabdomyoscarcoma
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malignant skeletal muscle tumor
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muscular dystrophy
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a category of genetically transmitted diseases char by progressive atrophy of skeltal muscles (Duchenne's type)
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osteoma
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bone tumor
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osteosarcoma
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type of malignant bone tumor
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oseomalacia
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disease marked by softening of the bone caused bye calcium and vitamin D deficiency
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rickets
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osteomalacia in children causing deformity in bones
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osteomyelitis
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infection of bone and marrow causing inflam
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osteopororsis
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cond. of decreased bone density and inc porosity causing bones to become brittle and to more easily fracture
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kyphosis
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abnormal posterior curve of thoratic spine (humped back)
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lordosis
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abnormal anterior curve of lumbar spine (sway back)
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scoliosis
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abnormal laterl curve (S shaped curve)
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spondylolisthesis
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fowards slipping of a lumbar vertebra
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spondylosis
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stifff immoblie condition of vertebrae
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sprain
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injury to a ligament caused by joint trauma but without joint dislocation or fracture
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subluxation
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a partial dislocation
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tendinitis / tendonitis
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inflam of a tendon
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electromyogram (EMG)
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neurodiagnostic graphic record of the electrical activity f muscle at rest and during contraction; used to diagnose neuromusculoskeletal disorders
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magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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a nonionizing (no xray) imaging technique using magnectic fields and radio freq waves to visuaalize anatomic structures; used in dectiong joint tendon and vertebral disc disorders
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nuclear medicine imaging
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a diagnostic imaging technique using injected or ingested radioactive isotopes and a gamma-camera for determining size shape location and fuction of various body parts
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radionucleide organ imaging
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a diagnostic imaging technique using injected or ingested radioactive isotopes and a gamma-camera for determining size shape location and fuction of various body parts
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bone scan
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a nuclear scan of bone tissue to detect a tumor, malignancy, etc
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radiography (xray)
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imaging modality using xrays to diagnose condition or impairment somewhere in the body
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arthrogram
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a radiograph of a joint taken after injection of a contrast medium
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computed tomography (CT)
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a radiologic procedure using a machine called a scanner to take a series of cross sectional xray images in a full circle rotation; a computer then calculates the rates of absorption and density of the radiographs to create an image
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computated axial tomography
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a radiologic procedure using a machine called a scanner to take a series of cross sectional xray images in a full circle rotation; a computer then calculates the rates of absorption and density of the radiographs to create an image
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sonography
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use of high freq sound waves to make an image of tissues or structures
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amputation
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partial or complete removal of a limb
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aka
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above knee amputation
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bka
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below knee amputation
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arthrocentesis
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puncture for aspiration of a joint
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arthrodesis
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binding or fusing of joint surfaces
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arthroplasty
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repair or reconstruction of a joint
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arthroscopy
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procedure using an arthroscope to examine diagnose and repair a joint from within
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bone grafting
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transplantation of a piece of bone from one site to another to repair a skeletal defect
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bursectomy
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excision of a bursa
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myoplasty
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repair of a muscle
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open reduction, internal fixation (ORIF)
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internal surgical repair of a fracture by bringing bones back into alignment and fixing them into place with devices such as plates screws and pins
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osteotomy
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an incision into a bone
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osteoplasty
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repair of a bone
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spondylosyndesis
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spinal fusion
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tenotomy
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division by incision of a tendon to repair a deformity caused by shortening of a muscle
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closed reduction, external fixation of a fracture
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external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment along with application of an extrenal device to protect and hold the bone in place while healing
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casting
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use of a stiff solid dressing around a limb or other body part to immobilize it during healing
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splinting
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use of a rigid device to immobilize or restrain a broken bone to injured body part
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traction (Tx)
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application of a pulling force to a fracture bone of dislocated joint to maintain proper positioning for healing
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closed reductions percutaneous fixation of a fracture
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external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment followed by insertion of one or more pins thru the skin to maintain position -- often incl. use of an external device called a fixator to keep the fracture immobilized during healing
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orthosis
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use of an orthopedic appliance to maintain a bone's position or to provide limb support
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physical therapy (PT)
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treatment to rehabilitate patients disabled by illness or injury involving many diff modalities such as exercise hydrotherapy diathermy and ultrasound
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prosthesis
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an artificial replacement for a missing body part or a device used t improve a body fuction such as an artificial limb hip or joint
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analgesic
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a drug that relieves pain
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narotic
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a potent analgesic with addictive properties
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anti-inflammatory
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a drug that reduces inflammation
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antipyretic
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a drug that relieves fever
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nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)
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a group of drugs with analgesic, anti-inflam and anytipyretic properties, commonly used to treat arthritis
ie: tylenol, aspirin |