Ch. 4 A Survey Of Prokaryotic Cells And Microorganisms

Front 1

appendages

Back 1

sprout from surfaces; two major groups: those for movement (flagella & axial filaments) and those that provide attachments or channels (fimbriae & pili)

Front 2

flagellum

Back 2

provide motility for bacteria

Front 3

filament

Back 3

helical structure composed of protein called flagellin

Front 4

basal body

Back 4

stack of rings firmly anchored through the cell wall to the cell membrane that anchors the hook

Front 5

monotrichous

Back 5

with a single flagellum

Front 6

lophotrichous

Back 6

with small bunches or tufts of flagella emerging from the same site

Front 7

amphitrichous

Back 7

with flagella at both poles of the cell

Front 8

peritrichous

Back 8

flagella are dispersed randomly over the surface of the cell

Front 9

chemotaxis

Back 9

movement of a cell in the direction of or away from a chemical stimulus

Front 10

spirochetes

Back 10

corkscrew-shaped bacteria with a worm-like or serpentine mode of locomotion cased by flagella or axial filaments

Front 11

fimbria or pilus

Back 11

bacterial surface appendages that are involved in interactions with other cells, but do not provide locomotion

Front 12

conjugation

Back 12

use of pilus to transfer DNA from one cell to another

Front 13

biofilms

Back 13

complex mass of microbes clinging together

Front 14

glycocalyx

Back 14

coating of macromolecules to protect the cell and help it adhere to its environment

Front 15

slime layer

Back 15

loose shield covering some bacteria to protect them from dehydration and loss of nutrients

Front 16

capsules

Back 16

covering of repeating polysaccharide units, protein, or both; bound more tightly to the cell than a slime layer is; has thicker gummy consistency

Front 17

peptidoglycan

Back 17

macromolecule composed of repeating framework of long glycan chains cross-linked by short petide fragments

Front 18

gram-positive

Back 18

thick cell wall, composed primarily of peptidoglycan, and the cell membrane

Front 19

gram-negative

Back 19

an outer membrane, a thin peptidoglycan layer, and the cell membrane

Front 20

teichoic acid

Back 20

polymer of ribitol or glycerol and phosphate embedded in the peptidoglycan sheath of the cell wall

Front 21

periplasmic space

Back 21

space between cell membrane and cell wall

Front 22

lipopolysaccharides

Back 22

lipid molecules bound to polysaccharides in the outer membrane of gram negative

Front 23

mycoplasmas

Back 23

bacteria that lack a cell wall

Front 24

bacterial chromosome

Back 24

single circular strand of DNA

Front 25

plasmids

Back 25

nonessential pieces of DNA

Front 26

inclusion bodies

Back 26

way of storing nutrients during periods of nutrient abundance

Front 27

bacterial endospore

Back 27

dormant bodies produced by bacteria

Front 28

sporulation

Back 28

formation of an endospore when exposed to certain environmental signals

Front 29

coccus

Back 29

spherical or ball-shaped bacterium

Front 30

bacillus

Back 30

cylindrical shaped bacterium

Front 31

coccobacillus

Back 31

short and plump rod shaped bacterium

Front 32

vibrio

Back 32

gently curved bacterium

Front 33

spirillum

Back 33

spiral shaped cylinder bacterium

Front 34

spirochete

Back 34

spiral shaped bacterium with periplasmic flagella

Front 35

diplococci

Back 35

in pairs

Front 36

tetrads

Back 36

groups of four

Front 37

staphylococci

Back 37

irregular clusters

Front 38

streptococci

Back 38

chains of few to hundreds of cells

Front 39

sarcina

Back 39

complex grouping in a cubical packet of 8, 16, or more

Front 40

diplobacilli

Back 40

pair of cells with their ends attached

Front 41

streptobacilli

Back 41

chain of several cells

Front 42

thylakoids

Back 42

extensive internal membranes containing chlorophyll in cyanobacteria

Front 43

obligate intracellular parasites

Back 43

rickettsias and chlamydias have adapted to life inside their host cells

Front 44

rickettsias

Back 44

distinctive, very tiny, gram negative bacteria; cannot survive or multiply outside a host cell

Front 45

chlamydias

Back 45

require host cells for growth and metabolism

Front 46

extremophiles

Back 46

love extreme conditions in the environment

Front 47

methanogens

Back 47

can convert carbon dioxide and hydrogen into methane gas through unusual and complex pathways