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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is not a characteristic of working memory? |
It is not affected by interference |
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If you have not rehearsed a bit of knowledge and you remember it more than two minutes after learning it, you are retrieving from... |
Long-term memory |
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What do digit span tasks measure?
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The capacity of working memory |
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Most estimates of the duration of working memory estimate it to be how long? |
15-30 secs |
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What is maintenance rehearsal defined as? |
Repeating information over and over |
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What happens when rehearsal is prevented in the Brown-Peterson task? |
The secondary task creates interference, making the to-be-remembered items less likely to be in working memory |
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Manny reads the following words, "flower, cat, stone, gum, basket, plate, statue, pillow, lake, screen, cashew, orange." According to what you know about the serial position curve, which words are most likely to be remembered? |
flower and orange |
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The primacy effect refers to... |
that there is comparatively good recall for words at the beginning of the list |
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The recency effect refers to... |
that there is comparatively good recall for words at the end of the list |
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An experimenter presents a list of words for participants to free recall in any order. Immediately after the list is presented, the participants must do math problems before they recall. Relative to a condition in which recall is immediate, the participants who did math problems will show... |
a decrease in their recency effect, but not their primacy effect |
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An experimenter presents a list of words for participants to free recall in any order, in two conditions. One were words are read slowly and one where words are read fast. You should expect: |
the list read faster should show reduced primacy effects |
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What is the standard explanation of why primacy effects occur? |
we recall the items because they were stored in long-term memory |
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What is the standard explanation of why recency effects occur? |
we recall the items using sensory memory |
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What concept refers to a very brief memory system that holds literal information for a fraction of a second to allow cognitive processing? |
sensory memory |
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Angie is a participant in an experiment on the serial position curve. One of the words on the list she hears is "lemon." Later, when asked to recall the list, she erroneously reports "lime." The word "lemon" was most likely... |
one of the first three items on the list |
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According to Baddeley, in working memory, what is the sub-system responsible for attention and control known as? |
central executive |
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What is the sub-system responsible for working memory for sounds? |
phonological loop |
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What is the sub-system for working memory for visual images? |
visuo-spatial sketchpad |
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What is a concurrent task? |
a task that is done simultaneously with another task |
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In a task, participants are asked to hold a visual image of what their best friends look like. While holding that image, they are asked to perform a digit span task. You would expect... |
the participants holding the visual image would perform just as well as a control group not holding a visual image because the two tasks use different working memory sub-systems |
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When can we expect to see interference between visual and auditory working memory tasks? |
when the tasks are difficult enough that they require allocation of attentional resources by the central executive |
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Wei-lin likes to listen to her favorite singer on her iPod while she studies. Research on the irrelevant speech effect suggests that... |
listening to singing will mean she can store fewer items in her phonological loop |
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The visuo-spatial sketchpad can be defined as... |
a limited capacity working memory system that stores visual and spatial information for a short period of time |
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Daneman and Carpenter have shown that good working memory is... |
correlated with performance on reading fluency tests |
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Retrieval from episodic memory draws on... |
more right prefrontal lobe processes than does semantic memory |
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Research on training working memory shows that... |
with practice, we can improve our ability to remember digit spans and other measures of working memory, but improving on these tasks does not automatically translate to better reading comprehension |
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The highly salient memories people have of their own circumstances during major public events are called... |
flashbulb memories |
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Episodic memories, compared to semantic memories, are often... |
more likely to be oriented to the past |
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"Remember" judgments are associated with... |
episodic memory |
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"Know" judgments are associated with... |
semantic memory |
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According to the HERA (Hemispheric Encoding/Retrieval Asymmetry) model of memory... |
right pre-frontal cortex is more involved in the retrieval of episodic memory |
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The cognitive psychologist's term for learning is... |
encoding |
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Levels of processing is based on the assumption that... |
most learning is incidental, not intentional
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Intentional learning means that... |
people actively engage in learning information because they know that their memories may be tested |
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Elaborative processing means that we... |
process for meaning |
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That memory is better when we generate associations ourselves than when we simply read or see them is known as the... |
generation effect |
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Consider the following list of words: crocodile, salamander, gecko, alligator, turtle, newt, saxophone, tortoise, iguana, toad. The Von Restorff effect means that... |
"saxophone" will be well remembered because it benefits from distinctiveness |
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What is the distinction between availability and accessibility? |
availability means everything that is represented in memory, whereas accessibility means that which we can retrieve at the moment |
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What does the concept of accessibility imply? |
retrieval cues are necessary to unlock some memories |
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What does episodic memory concern the memory for? |
personal events |
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What does semantic memory concern the memory for? |
facts |
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What does inhibition refer to? |
a mechanism that actively interferes with and reduces the likelihood of recall of particular information |
