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135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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__________ is from penetration thru first 8 weeks of development?
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EMBRYO
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___________ is the term from week 9 till birth?
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FETUS
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once born, ___________ is the term refered to from first month after birth?
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NEONATAL
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first trimester-
from when to when? rudimentary version of all ____? most susceptible to damage from _________, _________, and _____? |
months 1-3
rudimentary version of all organ systems develop. most suceptible to damage from drugs, radiation, and microbes |
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second trimester-
from when to when? organs are ______ _____ _______? |
months 4-6
organs are nearly completely developed. |
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third trimester-
from when to when? organs are _____ _________? |
months 7-9
organs are fully functional. |
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EMBRYONIC PERIOD
Week 1 sperm must reach oocyte and be able to penetrate, this is called? |
CAPACITATION
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PENETRATION
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sperm penetrates SECONDARY oocyte
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sperm must penetrate?
1) __________ 2) __________ 3) __________ |
1) corona radiate (granulosa cells)
2) zona pellucida (glycoprotein layer 3) secondary oocyte (syngamy) |
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what happens when sperm penetrates secondary oocyte?
(fast) and (slow) |
triggers reactions that prevent polyspermy
(fast) depolarization (slow) release of molecules that inactivate ZP3 and harden zona |
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after penetration, which stage of meiosis is completed by forming an ovam?
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MEIOSIS II
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FERTILIZATION
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fusion of sperm and ovum pronuclei
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a fertilized ege is known as?
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Zygote
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MONOZYGOTIC twin-
three things? |
same sperm and egg
zygote splits into two embryos genetically identical |
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DIZYGOTIC twins-
two things |
2 different sperm and 2 different eggs
same age, different genetics |
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CLEAVAGE of the zygote begins _____ hrs. after ___________?
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24 hrs after fertilization.
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during cleavage, cells become progessively ________, and are then called _________________?
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cells become progessively smaller, and are then called BLASTOMETERS.
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around day 3-4, cleavage as reached ___ cells, also known as ____________?
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32 cells, AKA MORULA
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BLASTOCYST formation, enters _____, around day __ or __.
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UTERUS, around day 4 or 5.
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inner cell mass of blastocyst develops into an _________?
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EMBRYO
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outer cell mass of blastocyst is known as ___________, and will become the __________?
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TROPHOBLAST, will become the placenta.
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around day 6 or 7, ____________ takes place in endometrium.
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IMPLANTATION
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after implantation, stratum functionalis is now called _________?
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DECIDUA
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decidua basalis, located between ________/_______ and stratum _________?
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between blasocyst/embryo and stratum basalis.
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decidua baslis provides ________ and ________?
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glycogen and lipids
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decidua basalis will become which portion of the placenta?
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MATERNAL PORTION.
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decidua capsularis, located between ___________/embryo and the ___________ ________?
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between blasocyst/embryo and the uterine cavity.
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the decidua capsularis, will eventually __________________.
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DEGENERATE
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decidua parietalis, is the _____________________________?
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endometerium of the rest of the uterus.
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ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
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occurs outside the uterine cavity
happens twice as likely in smokers |
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ectopic pregnancy's happen twice as likely in smokers because ?
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cilia of uterine tube become impared
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week 2, trophoblast begin to release what hormone,______?
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hCG
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hCG will peak at (which) week?
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peak around week 9
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around day 8, the trophoblast forms two layers, ____________ and ________________?
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syncythiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast
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synchthiotrophoblast are _______ cells, and _____________________________?
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fused cells, and release enzymes that allow for deeper implanation
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cytotrophoblast are ____________ cells.
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distinct cells.
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inner cell mass (two layers) of the bilaminar embryonic disc?
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primative endoderm
primative ectoderm |
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primative ectoderm forms the _____________ ___________?
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amnionic cavity
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composition of amnionic fluid.
1) 2) 3) |
1) filtered maternal blood
2) fetal urine 3) embryonic cells (amniocentesis) |
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functions of amnionic fluid.
1) 2) 3) |
1) shock absorber
2) temperature regulation 3) prevents fetal skin from sticking to other structures |
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rupturing of amnionic sac refered to as __________ ______?
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water breaking.
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development of what sac around day 9?
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YOLK sac
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yolk sac is developed from the ___________?
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ENDODERM
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yolk sac ______ and _________ blastocyst cavity?
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fills and surrounds
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around day 9, bilaminar embryonic disc now between the ______ and the ________ sacs.
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amnionic and the yolk sacs
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functions of the yolk sac?
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) |
1)transfer of nutrients
2) production of fetal blood cells 3) source of promodial germ cells 4) will form portions of GI tract 5) shock absoption |
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endometrial capillaries dilated around embryo?
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SINUSOIDS
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sinusoids are source of _________ and removal of ________?
(hint) |
nutrition and removal of waste.
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think ziplock bag...
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from the trophoblast layers, ________ forms.
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CHORION
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which hormone is produced by the chorion?
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hCG
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which layer will become fetal portion of placenta?
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CHORION
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chorion ___________ maternal immune function in the uterus?
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suppresses
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chorion, attached to embryo by connecting stalk (end of ____ week), which is the future _______ _____?
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end of 2nd week, future umbilical cord.
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GASTRULATION occurs at week?
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week 3
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during gastrulation, what embryonic layers are formed?
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ENDODERM
MESODERM ECODERM |
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gastrulation, endoderm will produce? ______ and ______.
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lining of GI tract
lining of respiratory tract |
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gastrulation, mesoderm will produce? ________, _________ and ________?
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muscle, bone, and connective tissue
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gastrulation, ectoderm will produce? ________ and ________?
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epidermis and nervous system
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development of the cardiovascular system beings at week _____.
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week 3
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primitive heart tube forms and begins to beat, at what week
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week 3
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external ears and the eys begin to develop at what which week?
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week 4
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Organogenesis is recognized at which week?
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week 4
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limb buds appear at which week
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week 4
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rapid development of ______, ______, and ________, at weeks 5-8.
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brain, limbs, and four-chambered heart
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ossification begins at which week(s)?
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week 5-8
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blood formed in liver at which week(s)?
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week 5-8
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FETAL PERIOD
WEEKS 9-12 6 things happen? |
1) eyes fully develop
2) ossification continues 3)genitalia are distinguishable 4)urine released by fetus 5) marrow, thymus, spleen and liver produce blood 6) baby begins to move |
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FETAL PERIOD
WEEKS 13-16 2 things happen? |
1) eyes and ears in final position
2) continued development of organs system |
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FETAL PERIOD
WEEKS 17-20 3 things happen? |
1) Hair
2) brown fat forms (keep you warm) 3) fetal movements can be felt by mother. |
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FETAL PERIOD
WEEKS 21-25 2 things happen? |
1) weight gain
2) surfactant produced (week 24) |
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FETAL PERIOD
WEEKS 26-29 5 things happen? |
1) toenails visible
2) testes begin to descent 3) red marrow produces majority of blood cells 4) body fat 3.5% 5) may survive premature birth with itensive care |
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FETAL PERIOD
WEEKS 30-34 5 things happen? |
1) growth
2) head down position 3) papillary reflex present 4) body fat 8% 5) usually survive when born prematurely |
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FETAL PERIOD
WEEKS 35-38 3 things happen? |
1) growth slows
2) testes in scrotum 3) body fat 16% |
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ULTRASONOGRAPHY
what type of technology, what does it do (specifically) |
uses sound waves
used to estimate fetal age. evaluate fetal development/viability |
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AMNIOCENTESIS
what is it? what are the risks? when is it likely used? when can it be done |
removal/study of 10-30 mL of amnionic fluid
0.5% risk of miscarriage only used when genetic defect suspected 14-18 weeks |
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AMNIOCENTESIS
what conditions could someone be looking for? |
to detect gender (XY status)
Down's syndrome Tay-Sachs disease sickle-cell anemia |
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CHORIONIC VILLI SAMPLING
what is the product of the test? what is the risk when can this be done? |
removal of 30 mL. of chorionic villi material
(catheter through cervic) 1-2% chance of misscarriage can be used at 8 weeks |
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CHORIONIC VILLI SAMPLING
what conditions could you be looking for? |
detect gender (XY status)
Down's syndrome Tay-Sachs disease (metabolic disorder) sickle-cell anemia |
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Noninvasive prenatal test
what is tested? risk? used to detect? |
test mothers blood
low risk to fetus maternal alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) |
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AFP
when is it produced after what week, what can it detect |
produced by fetus weeks 12-15
after 16 weeks, indicates neural tube defects Down's syndrome trisomy 18 (three copies of chromosome 18) |
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Hormones of Pregnancy
hCG where is it released? peaks at ___ week? drops off at __th. and __th. month. |
CHORION
peaks at 9th week drops of at 4th and 5th month. |
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Hormones of Pregnancy
estrogens and progesterone released from _________ beginning 3rd/4th months |
placenta
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high ______________ prevents premature delivery
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PROGESTERONE
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high progesterone...
reduces ___________________, keeps ______________ _______ |
reduces uterine contractions
keeps cervix closed |
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Hormones of Pregnancy
relaxin released by _____________ and ___________ |
released by corpus luteum and placenta
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relaxin prepares body for delivery by...
________________, increased __________ _________ (hint) |
dilate cervix,
increase joint flexibility |
think about the name???
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increase joint flexibility in,
pubic symphysis, sacroiliac joint, and sacrococcygeal joint caused by what hormone of pregnancy? |
RELAXIN
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THINK ABOUT THE QUESTION, WHAT IS OCCURING IN THE QUESTION???
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Hormones of Pregnancy
hPL released by __________? reaches maximum at ___ week? prepare _____________________? |
released by placenta
reaches maximum at 32 week. prepare mammary gland for milk production. |
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Hormones of Pregnancy
hPL decreases _____________________ increases _____________________ |
decreases maternal use of glucoses
increases release of fatty acids from maternal adipose |
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Hormones of Pregnancy
CRH released from __________ increases ___________, which is important for ____________ production. |
released from placenta
increases cortisol levels, which is important for surfactant producition |
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Hormones of Pregnancy
high levels of ___ may serve as a warning sign of premature delivery? |
CRH
(corticotrophin-releasing hormone) |
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physiological changes of cardiovascular to mother?
5 major issues |
stoke volume increases
cardiac output increases heart rate increases blood volume increases aorta and vena cava may be compressed by uterus |
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physiological changes of pulmonary system on the mother?
5 major issues |
increases tidal volume
decreases expiratory reserve increases minute respiration decreases airway resistance breathing may be more difficult due to limited movement of diaphragm |
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physiological changes of GI?
5 major issues INCREASES... |
hunger
heartburn constipation gastric emptying time nausea and vomiting |
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physiological changes of urinary system?
3 issues... INCREASES... |
renal hypertension
frequency of urination and stress incontinence filtration rate |
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sequence of hormones on labor.
release of ? (due to ?) which stimulates ? then that stimulates ? and ?, and that is converted to estrogen by placenta :-) |
ESTROGEN levels increase due to the placental CRH, CRH stimulates fetal production of ACTH, ACTH stimulates fetal production of cortisol and DHEA, DHEA (dehyroepiaandrosterone) is converted to estrogen by placenta.
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LABOR
estrogen causes changes in the ? ? |
to the uterus
to the placenta |
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estrogen on the uterus causes...
? ? |
oxytocin receptors
gap junctions |
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estrogen on the placenta...
releases _______________, which causes _________ release. Enzymes digest ____________ in cervix. What happens to the cervix? |
releases prostaglandin, which causes enzyme relase. Enzymes digest collagen in cervix. Cervix softens.
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OXYTOCIN and labor...
released from _______________ WHY? |
released from posterior pituitary, in response to pressure on cervix, nipple stimulation, orgasm
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FALSE LABOR
1) 2) 3) 4) |
1) painful contractions
2) irregular time intervals 3) does not intensify 4) no/little cervical dilation |
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TRUE LABOR
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) |
1) paintful contractions
2) regular time intervals 3) intensify in strength and frequency 4) cervical dilation 5) bloody mucus in cervix 6) lasts average of 14 hours for first baby, 8 hours for others |
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three stages of
TRUE LABOR |
DILATION
EXPULSION PLACENTAL stage |
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Dilation stage of
true labor |
from onset of labor to complete cervical dilation (10 cm.)
6 to 12 hours regular contractions rupture of amnionic sac |
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Expulsion stage of
true labor |
from comlete cervical dilation to delivery of baby
10 min -hours |
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Placental stage of
TRUE LABOR |
3 to 30 min.
delivery of the placenta contractions during this time consitrict uterine arteries (decrease hemorrhage) |
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LATE DELIVERY
what can happen to fetus if more than 2 weeks late? |
decreased O2
decreased nutrients can cause brain damage death to fetus |
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PITOCIN
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can induce labor
synthetic oxitocin |
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surgical removal of fetus ?
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Cesarean section or C-section
abdominal incision into uterus removal of baby and placenta |
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what hormone aids in puerpurium?
what occures during this? |
Oxytocin release during breastfeeding increases contractoin of the uterus to normal size.
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PUERPURIUM
three things occure? 1) 2) 3) |
1) involution
2) cervix regains firmness 3) lochia |
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Lochia (in relation to puerpurium) is ?
and happens ? |
release of blood and serous fluid from endometrium
2-4 weeks after delivery this occures |
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stress of labor on fetus
release of _ and __? 4 things this does? |
release of E and NE
1) survive stress 2) clear lungs 3) increase blood flow to brain and heart 4)release nutrient stored |
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Respiratory adjustments of the infant at birth...
1) 2) 3) 4) |
1) surfactant production occures around 7 months
2) amnionic fluid in lungs absorbed at birth 3)O2 supply cut off, CO2 elimination stop at birth |
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cardiovascular adjustments of the infant at birth
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1)closure of foramen ovale
2)closure of ductus arteriosus 3)umbilical artery and vein no longer funciton 4)collapse of ductus venosus 5)heart rate (at birth 120-160) rbpm 6)increased erythrocyte production |
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Hormonal control of lactation
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prolactin
oxytocin |
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prolactin (PRL), in regards to lacation?
released from? levels during pregnancy? stimulated by? promotes? |
released from anterior pituitaty
leavels increase during pregnancy stimulated by suckiling PRL promotes milk production |
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oxytocin in regards to lacation
released during (three things) causes contraction of ______________________? results in _____________ (AKA)? also decreases ___? |
suckling, labor, orgasm
myoepithelial cells in the breast milk ejection (let-down) PIH |
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COLOSTRUM
produced ______________________? not ______________ (low in _______________? contains _________________? prevents ____________________? |
in week surrounding delivery
not a true milk (low in fats and lactose) contains antibodies that protect new born prevents dehydration of new born |
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benefits of lacation (to fetus)
1) 2) 3) 4) |
nutrition
fluid intake white blood cells and antibodies decreased development of heart disease, allergies, GI infections, ear infections, diabetes mallitus, and obesitity |
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benefits of lacation (to mother)
1) 2) 3) 4) |
faster return of uterus to normal size
faster weight loss reduces risk of oseoporosis and breast cancer reduces likelihood of ovulation |
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define
INHERITANCE |
passage of hereditary traits from one generation to the next
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DIPLOID CELLS ARE
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two copies of each chromosome = 23 homologous pairs
each homologue contains genes fro the same traits (at the same locations |
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define
PUNNETT SQUARE |
chart that shows possible combination of gametes produced by a set of parents
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GENOTYPE |
genetic make-up
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define
DOMINANT ALLELE |
if fully expressed and masks the presence of other alleles
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define
RECESSIVE ALLELE |
presence can be completely masked by a dominant allele
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define
HOMOZYGOUS |
same alleles
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define
HETEROZYGOUS |
different alleles
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define
PHENOTYPE |
physical expression of genetic alleles
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define
NONDISJUNCTION example of is? |
chromosomes do not seperate normally during meiosis
may result in monosomy or trisomy in embryo Down's syndrome: trisomy 21 |
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define
TERATOGENS |
(toxins
agent that causes developmental defects in the embryo |
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examples of teratogens:
3 big classifications |
chemicals and drugs
cigarette smoking irradiation |
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teratogens:
examples of chemicals and drugs 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) |
1) alcohol
2) pesticides 3) industrial chemicals 4) some antibiotics 5) prescription medications 6) drugs of abuse |
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cigarette smoking can cause to fetus, and pregnancy in general?
7 examples... |
lower birth weight
increased fetal mortality and SIDS increased chance of ectopic pregnancy cardiac abnormalities anenceophaly (lack of cerebrum) increase cleft palate predispose fetuses to respiratory infections early in life |
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