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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What continent was the starting point for the origination of humans? |
Africa |
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Mitochondrial DNA studies were used to determine that Homo sapiens evolved in Africa and only later did they become established elsewhere.
True or False |
true |
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Neoteny refers to:
* the case where a sexually mature organism will lose most of the physical characteristics of the juvenile form. * the case where a sexually immature organism will lose most of the physical characteristics of the juvenile form. * the case where a sexually mature organism still retains the physical characteristics of the juvenile form. * the case where a sexually immature organism retains the physical characteristics seen in the adult form. |
the case where a sexually mature organism still retains the physical characteristics of the juvenile form. |
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Which of the following explains why the human population has so many phenotypic differences?
* The majority of our genome consists of noncoding DNA. * The majority of our genome consists of DNA that codes for proteins. * Recombination allows for new genetic combinations. * The genes that code for what we look like are more susceptible to mutation than other genes. * None of the answer options are correct. |
Recombination allows for new genetic combinations. |
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Language is unique to humans.
True or False |
false |
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The common phrase "Humans evolved from chimpanzees" really means:
* that humans and chimpanzees share a common ancestor. * that there was a population of chimpanzees that had mutations that made them human. * that chimpanzees are the next group that will turn into humans. * that chimpanzees are bipedal. |
that humans and chimpanzees share a common ancestor. |
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Which of the following hypotheses is the most current and accepted one with regard to modern human origins?
* the convergent hypothesis * the out-of-Africa hypothesis * the single regional hypothesis * the multiregional hypothesis |
the out-of-Africa hypothesis |
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the human brain?
* Humans have one of the lowest brain weight : body weight ratios; which is directly correlated to intelligence. * Humans have small brains compared to their body size. * The size of the human brain may be the result of "selective factors," such as tool use. * The "wiring" and organization of modern-day human brains is identical to that of human ancestors. * None of the answer options are true. |
The size of the human brain may be the result of "selective factors," such as tool use. |
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The hemoglobin gene is the only gene that is under selection for resistance to malaria.
True or False |
false |
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You are visiting a relative many miles from your home, and you hear them complain about how all the squirrels in the area are making nests in the cars parked in the driveways. You note that their squirrels are the same species as the one you know from home. Where you live, most people park in their driveways too, but there the squirrels tend to nest in the roofs of houses. What does this difference in activity between these populations of squirrels demonstrate?
* culture * language * consciousness * All of the answer options are correct. |
culture |
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The first DNA comparison studies between humans and chimpanzees relied on which of the following?
* Proteins from chimpanzees would have a higher melting point than similar proteins from humans. * The more complementary two strands of DNA are, the higher the melting point. * The more complementary two strands of DNA are, the lower the melting point. * DNA from different organisms won't combine to form a double helix. * Proteins from chimpanzee would have a lower melting point than similar proteins from humans. |
The more complementary two strands of DNA are, the higher the melting point. |
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All evidence suggests that the Neanderthals did not interbreed with our ancestors.
True or False |
False |
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Becoming bipedal requires more anatomical changes than simply being able to stand on hind legs.
True or False |
true |
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Why is it that there is less variation among individuals in any one non-African population than among individuals in the contemporary African population?
* Because the individuals that left Africa were a relatively small sample of the total amount of variation present. * Because the African population was larger than the populations that left, they had more mutation. * There is no reason because the above statement is incorrect. * Because the individuals that left Africa exhibited a greater number of mutations than the African population. |
Because the individuals that left Africa were a relatively small sample of the total amount of variation present. |
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Which of the following statements is true regarding cultural change?
* Cultural change occurs at the same pace or rate as biological evolution. * Cultural change always occurs independently of biological evolution. * Only human populations experience cultural change. * None of the answer options are correct. |
None of the answer options are correct. |
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Which of the following hominin lineages is correct?
* Homo ergaster → Homo erectus → Homo sapiens * Homo ergaster → Homo neanderthalensis → Homo sapiens * Homo ergaster → Homo heidelbergensis → Homo sapiens * Homo ergaster → Homo rudolfensis → Homo sapiens |
Homo ergaster → Homo heidelbergensis → Homo sapiens |
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When Rebecca Cann decided to research on the evolution of humans, she chose to study mitochondrial DNA. Which of the following explains why she chose this type of DNA?
* because mitochondrial DNA is recombined from generation to generation and offers a look at the lineage of the human population * because mitochondrial DNA is circular * because mitochondrial DNA lasts longer in the tissues * because mitochondrial DNA is more abundant and therefore easier to extract |
because mitochondrial DNA is more abundant and therefore easier to extract |
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Which of the following did not exert selective pressure that acted in favor of having a large brain in humans?
* social living * being bipedal * tool use * language |
being bipedal |
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In certain climates, specific hemoglobin and G6PD alleles have been selected for, as they confer some degree of resistance to malaria in humans.
True or False |
True |
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Which of the following is an example of convergent evolution?
* the African population possessing the sickle trait and the mutation in the G6PD gene in areas where malaria is prevalent * the blue whale and a chimpanzee both being mammals * two different populations of humans having different amounts of pigmentation * Europeans and Africans developing lactose tolerance separately after the domestication of cattle * the African population possessing the sickle trait in areas where malaria is prevalent |
Europeans and Africans developing lactose tolerance separately after the domestication of cattle |
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Charles Darwin noted that the human lineage probably arose out of Africa. Which of the following was most likely the reason behind his hypothesis?
* Africa has warmer temperatures, which allows for greater diversity. * Gorillas and chimpanzees, which are the primates most closely related to humans, only live in Africa. * Africa was the first land mass that was suitable for life. * This was before the advent of molecular analysis, so Charles Darwin was incorrect. * None of the answer options are correct. |
Gorillas and chimpanzees, which are the primates most closely related to humans, only live in Africa. |
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The mitochondrial DNA study indicated that there was no genetic input from Neanderthals in modern humans, but the whole-genome study suggests that in fact there was. Which of the following strategies could be employed to resolve this discrepancy?
* Look at the X chromosome because that also does not undergo recombination. * Look at the Y chromosome because that also does not undergo recombination. * Look at genomic DNA only in modern humans that are females. * Look at genomic DNA only in modern humans that are male. |
Look at the Y chromosome because that also does not undergo recombination. |
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It is possible that subtle changes in gene regulation allowed for human neoteny, whereby humans resemble juvenile chimpanzees more so than adult chimpanzees.
True or False |
true |
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Comparing one person from Europe with one person from Africa would show a greater amount of variation than comparing two people from New Zealand.
True or False |
true |
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Which of the following is the most responsible for success of humans as a population?
* the ability to speak * being bipedal * the ability to transmit culture * driving biological evolution through cultural evolution * None of the answer options are correct. |
the ability to transmit culture |
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There is some debate about whether Homo floresiensis is a separate species or an aberrant form of Homo sapiens. Regardless, what we do know is that H. floresiensis were only found on an Indonesian island and adults were only 3 feet tall. What could explain this distinct phenotype?
* The smaller body size was necessary for an island, as food is often limited. * With no predators there was no need to be tall. * Plants on that island never grew tall, so it was advantageous to be short. * The smaller body size made swimming easier. * The smaller body size made conserving heat easier. |
The smaller body size was necessary for an island, as food is often limited. |
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Imagine that one of your friends has just learned about the multiregional hypothesis, and she is astonished that humans evolved independently (on different continents). What evidence would you provide your friend that contradicts the multiregional hypothesis?
* The multiregional hypothesis has been corroborated several times over the last five decades. Most striking is research evaluating Y chromosome sequences, which contradicts the work of Rebecca Caan. * Caan's work contradicted the multiregional hypothesis by demonstrating that the last common ancestor of (modern) humans lived three million years ago. * Caan's research using mitochondrial DNA demonstrated that humans originated in Africa, and subsequently migrated to other continents. * Y chromosome data contradicted the multiregional hypothesis by demonstrating that the last common ancestor of modern humans originated in central Asia. |
Caan's research using mitochondrial DNA demonstrated that humans originated in Africa, and subsequently migrated to other continents. |
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Which of the following is not an anatomical change that would be associated with a transition from four to two legs?
* S-shaped spine * repositioned foramen magnum * narrower human foot * wider stance * None of the answer options are correct. |
wider stance |
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A high degree of genetic variability among individuals of the same species means that these individuals will always appear morphologically different. For example, as all Adélie penguins look alike, this species must have a low degree of genetic variation.
True or False |
false |
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Although language and culture are demonstrated in other species aside from humans (especially chimpanzees), consciousness is a trait that is unique to humans. No other species on Earth could be said to be conscious.
True or False |
false |
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Which of the following explains how chimpanzees and humans can be so different with such similar genomes?
* The genetic differences could have occurred in genes responsible for development. * The human population is so much larger than the chimpanzee population that we benefit from more genetic variation. * The anatomical and behavioral differences between chimpanzees and humans isn't that large. * None of the answer options is correct. * Different environments between the two populations influenced the anatomical and behavioral differences. |
The genetic differences could have occurred in genes responsible for development. |
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Cro-Magnon is the name of the group of the first Neanderthals found in Europe.
True or False |
false |
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Which of the following organisms has the largest brain compared to their body size?
* humans * blue whales * elephants * goldfish * gorillas |
humans |
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What is the order in which the ancestors of humans colonized the following regions?
* Madagascar → Asia → Middle East → North America * North America → Asia → Middle East → Madagascar * Asia → Middle East → Madagascar → North America * Middle East → Asia → North America → Madagascar * Asia → North America → Madagascar → Middle East |
Middle East → Asia → North America → Madagascar |
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Culture is defined as: |
the ability to transmit learned behavior from one generation to the next. |
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Analyzing DNA sequences in different populations provided us with what new information?
* that the bonobo and chimpanzee are two different species * that the gorilla is more closely related to humans than the orangutan * that the chimpanzees are more closely related to humans than gorillas are * that Old World monkeys are separate from the Apes * None of the answer options are correct. |
that the chimpanzees are more closely related to humans than gorillas are |
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Many researchers hypothesize that modern humans have derived from the Homo ergaster populations that spread around the world starting about 2 million years ago. This hypothesis is known as the:
* out-of-Africa hypothesis * into-Africa hypothesis * multiregional hypothesis * uniregional hypothesis * None of the answer options are correct. |
multiregional hypothesis |
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Phenotypic differences between humans and chimpanzees may be better explained by the time during development when genes are turned on in humans and chimpanzees, than by genetic differences themselves.
True or False |
true |
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There is a significant amount of genetic variation among humans.
True or False |
false |
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Which of the following statements are true regarding chimpanzees?
* Chimpanzees are capable of teaching and learning. * Chimpanzees in different populations have different methods of performing the same task (e.g., catching ants). * Chimpanzees could be said to have their own distinct culture. * Chimpanzees do not have a universal grammar. * All of the answer options are correct. |
All of the answer options are correct. |
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Hominins refers to members of all the different species in the lineage leading to humans.
True or False |
true |
