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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A researcher is trying to determine whether different populations of asexually reproducing bacteria belong to the same species. What concept will be most helpful in making this determination?
* the ecological species concept * the biological species concept * the evolutionary species concept |
the ecological species concept (the idea that two very similar species can not coexist in an environment together- used to deal with asexual bacterial lineages - their distinct cuz of diff. & sim. in their ecological req.) |
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Consider the example of the liger cub in the above problem. The reason that lions (which live in Africa) and tigers (which live in Asia) don't produce ligers in the wild is likely the result of _________________.
* an incompatible lock-and-key mechanism between the species * behavioral isolation of tigers and lions * temporal separation of lions and tigers * ecological separation of lions and tigers * both temporal and ecological separation of lions and tigers |
ecological separation of lions and tigers (pre-zygotically isolated in time - closely related species existing in diff. time/distance) |
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In co-speciation, two groups of organisms speciate in response to each other and at the same time.
True or False |
True (exact def. of co-speciation) |
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Reinforcement refers to the development of ________-zygotic factors and is typically more rapid in species living in __________. * pre; sympatry * pre; allopatry * post; sympatry * post; allopatry |
pre; sympatry (Reinforcement refers to natural selection increasing reproductive isolation - when two pop. are kept apart and brought back together they may be complete or incomplete) |
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Which of the following is not a characteristic of species? * geographic isolation * common evolutionary ancestry * different number of chromosomes between individuals * ability to produce fertile progeny * shared characteristics such as shape, size, and color (in individuals of the same life stage and sex) |
different number of chromosomes between individuals |
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If two individuals from different species attempt to mate but fertilization fails to occur, this is likely the result of ________________. However, if such a mating produces a zygote that fails to form a viable embryo, this is likely the result of _______________. * pre-zygotic factors; post-zygotic factors * post-zygotic factors; pre-zygotic factors * behavioral factors; pre-zygotic factors * pre-zygotic factors; behavioral factors * post-zygotic factors; lock-and-key factors |
pre-zygotic factors; post-zygotic factors |
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Which of the following is true regarding adaptive radiation? |
Adaptive radiation is more likely to occur in a smaller population after a dispersal event than in a larger population on a continent. |
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A neutral mutation is a mutation that _____ increase the reproductive fitness of an organism.
* does not |
does not |
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If two populations are reproductively isolated from one another (i.e., like certain populations of Russian warblers), they must be genetically isolated from each other and therefore cannot belong to the same species.
True or False |
false (BSC can not apply to asexual reproductive species such as bacterias b/c of exchanging genetic info through conjugation) |
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Post-zygotic reproductive isolation may be due to either temporal or ecological separation.
True or Flase |
false (temporal separation "lost in time" is a prezygotic reproductive barrier) |
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You are an experienced naturalist and biologist and you observe two birds mating that you do not believe to belong to the same species. The eggs from this breeding do not hatch, and when you obtain one of the eggs, you find embryonic development stopped not long after fertilization. Which of the following conclusions is supported by these observations?
* Pre-zygotic isolation prevented successful reproduction. * Post-zygotic factors prevented successful reproduction. * Temporal isolation prevented successful reproduction. * Behavioral isolation prevented successful reproduction. * This is evidence to suggest the two types of birds are a single species. |
Post-zygotic factors prevented successful reproduction. (after fertilization) |
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_____________ is the primary force responsible for changes in allelic frequency of deleterious mutations. _______________ is the primary force responsible for changes in allelic frequency of neutral mutations. * Genetic drift; Natural selection * Natural selection; Genetic drift |
Natural selection; Genetic drift |
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Which of the following statements is true regarding a genus? * Like a species, a genus is considered to be a "fundamental" evolutionary unit. * Like a species, a genus is composed of individuals that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. * A genus, like a species, can become extinct. * A genus is composed of "similar" species, although this grouping can be subjective. * All of the answer options are correct. |
A genus is composed of "similar" species, although this grouping can be subjective. |
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If two individuals from different species attempt to mate but fertilization fails to occur, this is likely the result of ________________. However, if such a mating produces a zygote that fails to form a viable embryo, this is likely the result of _______________.
* post-zygotic factors; pre-zygotic factors * pre-zygotic factors; post-zygotic factors * post-zygotic factors; lock-and-key factors * behavioral factors; pre-zygotic factors * pre-zygotic factors; behavioral factors |
pre-zygotic factors; post-zygotic factors |
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You observe two groups of freshwater fish that spawn at the same time of the year and in the same pond. After females lay their eggs on the pond bottom, males of both species attempt to fertilize them. After some investigation you realize that sperm from both species fertilize the eggs, but embryonic development stops shortly after fertilization when the eggs are fertilized by one species of males, but not by the other. This is an example of ______- zygotic reproductive isolation between the two species.
True or False |
post |
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Natural selection is always the driving force of speciation. |
false (genetic drift is an example of non-natural selection that is a driving force of speciation) |
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Which of the following species concepts might differentiate species on the basis of specific dietary requirements? |
ecological species |
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A population of rare frogs is reduced by 90% in number when a large dam is constructed that obliterates most of their prior habitat. Which of the following is probably true?
* Speciation cannot occur through genetic drift alone. * The genetic diversity of the remaining frogs is unlikely to be different from the original population. * The reduced genetic diversity of the remaining frogs makes genetic drift more likely. * The effects of natural selection on the smaller population's genetic variation will not be significant. |
The reduced genetic diversity of the remaining frogs makes genetic drift more likely. |
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Which of the following species concepts might differentiate species on the basis of descent from a common ancestor?
* ring species * ecological species * evolutionary species |
evolutionary species |
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A zookeeper is very upset because one of the lions jumped the fence of his enclosure and mated with a neighboring tigress. This mating produced a "liger." Which of the following statements is likely true of this liger cub?
* Due to genetic incompatibility between the lion and tiger, the liger cub will likely be sterile. * The liger cub was born because of sequence similarities between the genomes of its parents. * The liger cub was born because of sequence similarities in the genomes of the lion and tiger; however, due to genetic incompatibility the liger cub will likely be sterile. * Because of the similarities between the genomes of the lion and tiger, the liger cub will likely be very fertile and bear several offspring. * The cub is the result of an incompatible "lock-and-key mechanism" between its parents. |
The liger cub was born because of sequence similarities in the genomes of the lion and tiger; however, due to genetic incompatibility the liger cub will likely be sterile. |
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A little girl notices that she has a male dog and a female cat in her house at the same time. The dog and cat are the same size, and they seem friendly enough. Why don't these two animals ever mate?
* This is the result of the dog and cat belonging to allopatric species. * This is the result of the dog and cat belonging to peripatric species. * This is the result of behavioral isolation between the dog and cat. * This is the result of temporal isolation between the dog and cat. * This is the result of ecological separation between the dog and cat. |
This is the result of behavioral isolation between the dog and cat. |
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While in South America, you come across what you think are two groups of birds in the same location. They are nearly identical aside from their color. After years of observation, you conclude that the birds eat similar diets and share similar behaviors but do not reproduce with each other. These groups of birds appear to be an example of ___________.
* two different species on the basis of the ecological niche occupied * a single ecological species * a single biological species * ring species * two different species on the basis of reproductive behavior |
two different species on the basis of reproductive behavior |
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Consider the example of the liger cub in the above problem. The reason that lions (which live in Africa) and tigers (which live in Asia) don't produce ligers in the wild is likely the result of _________________.
* an incompatible lock-and-key mechanism between the species * behavioral isolation of tigers and lions * temporal separation of lions and tigers * ecological separation of lions and tigers * both temporal and ecological separation of lions and tigers |
ecological separation of lions and tigers |
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Imagine that a zoo in Sri Lanka has started an elephant-breeding program. Zookeepers have introduced an Indian and Sri Lankan elephant into the same enclosure. What will be the result of this mating?
* This mating will demonstrate that these elephants are members of the same species. * This mating will demonstrate that these elephants are members of the same species, and will produce fertile offspring. * These elephants will produce fertile offspring. * These elephants will produce infertile offspring (i.e., like a mule). * This mating will demonstrate that these elephants are not members of the same species.
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This mating will demonstrate that these elephants are members of the same species, and will produce fertile offspring. |
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Mammals are __________ organisms, whereas plants may be ___________.
* haploid; polyploid * haploid; diploid * diploid; polyploid * diploid; haploid |
diploid; polyploid |
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___________ is a term that refers to multiple sets of chromosomes (e.g., 4, 6 or 8).
* Aneuploidy * Diploid * Haploid * Tetraploid * Polyploidy |
Polyploidy |
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If an organism has a single copy of each chromosome, then it is ________.
* aneuploid * diploid * haploid * tetraploid * polyploidy |
haploid |
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A population of rare frogs is reduced by 90% in number when a large dam is constructed that obliterates most of their prior habitat. Which of the following is probably true?
* The effects of natural selection on the smaller population's genetic variation will not be significant. * The genetic diversity of the remaining frogs is unlikely to be different from the original population. * Speciation cannot occur through genetic drift alone. * The reduced genetic diversity of the remaining frogs makes genetic drift more likely. |
The reduced genetic diversity of the remaining frogs makes genetic drift more likely. |
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the biological species concept?
* The biological species concept was first described by Charles Darwin. * The biological species concept is synonymous with the morphospecies concept. * Given the generation time of certain organisms, the biological species concept can be difficult to test. * The biological species concept can be applied to all bacterial species. * Using the biological species concept, scientists can determine which organisms in the fossil record likely belonged to the same species. |
Given the generation time of certain organisms, the biological species concept can be difficult to test. |
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Consider the example of the liger cub in the above problem. The reason that lions (which live in Africa) and tigers (which live in Asia) don't produce ligers in the wild is likely the result of _________________.
* an incompatible lock-and-key mechanism between the species * behavioral isolation of tigers and lions * temporal separation of lions and tigers * ecological separation of lions and tigers * both temporal and ecological separation of lions and tigers |
ecological separation of lions and tigers |
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Which of the following is true regarding sympatric speciation?
* Sympatric speciation requires a selective disadvantage of hybrids (e.g., medium-billed birds) of two diverging populations. * Sympatric speciation requires physical separation of two populations. |
Sympatric speciation requires a selective disadvantage of hybrids (e.g., medium-billed birds) of two diverging populations. |
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Which of the following represents genetic incompatibility?
* Two groups of beetles do not produce offspring because they feed on the same plants in different parts of the world. * Two groups of ladybugs do not produce offspring because they feed on different species of plants and do not encounter each other. * Two groups of snakes do not produce offspring because they have a different number of chromosomes. * Two groups of birds do not reproduce because of incompatible courtship behaviors. |
Two groups of snakes do not produce offspring because they have a different number of chromosomes. |
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Imagine that a mad scientist wants to create a new species of minions―one that is a cross between a shark and a wolf (he plans to call them "shwolves"). To his dismay, when he introduces shark sperm and wolf eggs into a petri dish, no viable embryos form. Why?
* This could be an example of pre-zygotic isolation, where the proteins of the shark sperm and wolf eggs do not interact properly. This results in a lack of fertilization. * This is an example of behavioral isolation―the shark sperm do not perform the correct courtship rituals to fertilize the shark eggs. * The wolf eggs and shark sperm are "temporally" separated. * This could be an example of pre-zygotic isolation, where the proteins of the shark sperm and wolf eggs do not interact properly; however, this could also be an example of genetic incompatibility, where genomic differences between sharks and wolves prevent the formation of viable embryos. * This may be an example of genetic incompatibility, where genome differences between the shark and wolf prevent the formation of a viable embryo. |
This could be an example of pre-zygotic isolation, where the proteins of the shark sperm and wolf eggs do not interact properly; however, this could also be an example of genetic incompatibility, where genomic differences between sharks and wolves prevent the formation of viable embryos. |
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You observe two groups of birds that appear to be closely related. Males from the first group have bright red stripes on their tail feathers that they display in a courtship dance preceding mating. Females only respond to coloring patterns exhibited by males of their species. This is an example of ________- zygotic reproductive isolation between two species.
Pre or Post |
pre |
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You observe two groups of frogs that are closely related. Males from each group "sing" with a species-specific song to attract a female frog. Females only respond to songs sung by males of their species. This is an example of ______- zygotic reproductive isolation between two species.
Pre or Post |
pre |
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Which of the following represents genetic incompatibility?
* Two groups of snakes do not produce offspring because they have a different number of chromosomes. * Two groups of ladybugs do not produce offspring because they feed on different species of plants and do not encounter each other. * Two groups of beetles do not produce offspring because they feed on the same plants in different parts of the world. * Two groups of birds do not reproduce because of incompatible courtship behaviors. |
Two groups of snakes do not produce offspring because they have a different number of chromosomes. |
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You observe two groups of freshwater fish that spawn at the same time of the year and in the same pond. After females lay their eggs on the pond bottom, males of both species attempt to fertilize them. After some investigation you realize that sperm from both species fertilize the eggs, but embryonic development stops shortly after fertilization when the eggs are fertilized by one species of males, but not by the other. This is an example of ______- zygotic reproductive isolation between the two species.
Pre or Pos |
Post |
