Ch. 20/21 Vocab

Front 1

John F. Kennedy

Back 1

was the 35th president of the United States starting in January 1961.

Front 2

Flexible Response

Back 2

a policy developed during the Kennedy administration, that involved preparing for a variety of military responses to international crises rather than focusing on the use of nuclear weapons.

Front 3

Bay of Pigs Invasion

Back 3

In March 1960, President Eisenhower gave the CIA permission to secretly train Cuban exiles for an invasion of Cuba. The CIA and exiles hoped it would trigger a mass uprising that would overthrow Castro. But many exiles ended up dead, and some were imprisioned. Kennedy negotiated with with Castro for the release of surviving commandos and paid a ransom of $53 million in food and medical supplies.

Front 4

Cuban Missile Crisis

Back 4

Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, who promised to defend Cuba with Soviet arms. Soviet missile bases in Cuba already had some missiles ready to launch, that could reach American cities in a matter of minutes. Six days, teh world faced a possibility of a nuclear war. Khrushchev offered to remove the missiles in return for the American pledge not to invade Cuba.

Front 5

Fidel Castro

Back 5

openly declared himself a communist and welcomed aid from the Soviet Union. He was a Communist leader of Cuba.

Front 6

Berlin Wall

Back 6

a concrete wall topped with barbed wire that severed Berlin in two.

Front 7

Hot Line

Back 7

dedicated phone enabled the leaders of the White House and the Kremlin to communicate at once another crisis was to arise.

Front 8

Limited Test Ban Treaty

Back 8

United States and the Soviet Union agreed to this treaty, that barred nuclear testing in the atmosphere.

Front 9

New Frontier

Back 9

when Kennedy set out to transform his broad vision of progress into this, to make a better America.

Front 10

Mandate

Back 10

a clear indication that voters approved of Kennedy's plans.

Front 11

Peace Corps

Back 11

a program of volunteer assistance to the developing nations of Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

Front 12

Alliance for Progress

Back 12

offered economic and technical assistance to Latin American countries.

Front 13

Warren Commission

Back 13

1963, investigated and concluded that Oswald had shot the president while acting on his own.

Front 14

Lyndon B. Johnson

Back 14

after Kennedy was assasinated, Lyndon came into presidency. His ambition and drive became legendary.

Front 15

Economic Opportunity Act

Back 15

(EOA) enacted in August 1964, approved nearly $1 billion for youth programs, anti-poverty measures, small business loans, and job training.

Front 16

Great Society

Back 16

May 1964, Johnson had summed up his vision for America in this phrase.

Front 17

Medicare

Back 17

provide hospital insurance and low-cost medical insurance for almost every American age 65 or older.

Front 18

Medicaid

Back 18

extended health insurance to welfare recipients.

Front 19

Immigration Act of 1965

Back 19

opened the door for many non-European immigrants to settle in the United States by ending quotas based on nationality.

Front 20

Warren Court

Back 20

banned state-sanctioned prayer in public schools and declared state-required loyalty oaths was unconstitutional.

Front 21

reapportionment

Back 21

a way in which states redraw election districts based on the changing number of people in them.

Front 22

Miranda Rights

Back 22

all suspects must be read these rights before questioning.

Front 23

Thurgood Marshall

Back 23

a man who dedicated his life to fighting racism. Over the next 23 years since 1938, Marshall and other NAACP lawyers won 29 out of 32 cases argued in the Supreme Court.

Front 24

Plessy V. Ferguson

Back 24

upheld Louisiana's laws requiring that train passengers must be segregated by race. Established the doctrine of "separate but equal,"

Front 25

Brown V. Board of Education

Back 25

A case in which the father of 8 year-old Linda Brown had charged the Board of Education of Topeka of violating her rights by not letting her go to an all white elementry school, four blocks away from her house. The Supreme Court struck down segregation in schooling as a violation of the 14th Amendment.

Front 26

"Little Rock Nine"

Back 26

nine African-American students who had volunteered to intigrate Little Rock's Central High School.

Front 27

Rosa Parks

Back 27

a seamstress and a NAACP officer, took a seat in the front row of the "colored" section of a Montgomery bus. She refused to move for a white person who wanted to sit in her seat while the bus filled up.

Front 28

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

Back 28

a 26 year-old elected pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, led the Montgomery Improvement Association in the organization of a boycott.

Front 29

SCLC

Back 29

(Southern Christian Leadership Conference) planned to stage protests and demonstrations throughout the South.

Front 30

SNCC

Back 30

(Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) a national protest group, wanting African-Americans in all white schools.

Front 31

sit-ins

Back 31

a protest in which African-American protestors sat down at segregated luch counters and refused to leave until they were served.

Front 32

freedom riders

Back 32

were white civil rights activists and CORE memberson a bus trip across the South, who tested the Supreme Court in segregated bus seatings.

Front 33

Civil Rights Act of 1944

Back 33

prohibited discrimination because of race, religon, national origin, and gender. No longer segregated African-Americans and whites.

Front 34

James Meredith

Back 34

Air Force veteran, who won a federal court case that allowed him to enroll in an all-white school called Ole Miss.

Front 35

Birmingham protests

Back 35

the attempt to desegregate Birmingham, Alabama a city with the most stricted segregation laws. When people started marching in the city, officers beat, clubbed, have dogs attack, and arrested many people.

Front 36

Freedom Summer

Back 36

in the summer of 1964, college students volunteered to go to Mississippi to help register African-American voters.

Front 37

Selma Campaign

Back 37

in the start of 1965, the SCLC conducted a major voting rights campaign in Selma, Alabama. Had a 50 mile march from Selma to Montgomery. In return the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Front 38

24th Amendment

Back 38

barred poll taxes

Front 39

Voting Rights Act of 1964

Back 39

let African-Americans finally vote.

Front 40

Defactos segrergation

Back 40

segregation that exists by practice and custom.

Front 41

Dejure segregation

Back 41

segregation by law

Front 42

Malcolm X

Back 42

a leader that urged his followers to take control of their communities, livlihoods, and culture.

Front 43

Nation of Islam

Back 43

Black muslims

Front 44

Black Panthers

Back 44

a political party that advocated self-sufficiency for African-Americans.

Front 45

Civil Rights Act of 1968

Back 45

ended discrimination in housing.