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45 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
John F. Kennedy
was the 35th president of the United States starting in January 1961.
Flexible Response
a policy developed during the Kennedy administration, that involved preparing for a variety of military responses to international crises rather than focusing on the use of nuclear weapons.
Bay of Pigs Invasion
In March 1960, President Eisenhower gave the CIA permission to secretly train Cuban exiles for an invasion of Cuba. The CIA and exiles hoped it would trigger a mass uprising that would overthrow Castro. But many exiles ended up dead, and some were imprisioned. Kennedy negotiated with with Castro for the release of surviving commandos and paid a ransom of $53 million in food and medical supplies.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, who promised to defend Cuba with Soviet arms. Soviet missile bases in Cuba already had some missiles ready to launch, that could reach American cities in a matter of minutes. Six days, teh world faced a possibility of a nuclear war. Khrushchev offered to remove the missiles in return for the American pledge not to invade Cuba.
Fidel Castro
openly declared himself a communist and welcomed aid from the Soviet Union. He was a Communist leader of Cuba.
Berlin Wall
a concrete wall topped with barbed wire that severed Berlin in two.
Hot Line
dedicated phone enabled the leaders of the White House and the Kremlin to communicate at once another crisis was to arise.
Limited Test Ban Treaty
United States and the Soviet Union agreed to this treaty, that barred nuclear testing in the atmosphere.
New Frontier
when Kennedy set out to transform his broad vision of progress into this, to make a better America.
Mandate
a clear indication that voters approved of Kennedy's plans.
Peace Corps
a program of volunteer assistance to the developing nations of Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
Alliance for Progress
offered economic and technical assistance to Latin American countries.
Warren Commission
1963, investigated and concluded that Oswald had shot the president while acting on his own.
Lyndon B. Johnson
after Kennedy was assasinated, Lyndon came into presidency. His ambition and drive became legendary.
Economic Opportunity Act
(EOA) enacted in August 1964, approved nearly $1 billion for youth programs, anti-poverty measures, small business loans, and job training.
Great Society
May 1964, Johnson had summed up his vision for America in this phrase.
Medicare
provide hospital insurance and low-cost medical insurance for almost every American age 65 or older.
Medicaid
extended health insurance to welfare recipients.
Immigration Act of 1965
opened the door for many non-European immigrants to settle in the United States by ending quotas based on nationality.
Warren Court
banned state-sanctioned prayer in public schools and declared state-required loyalty oaths was unconstitutional.
reapportionment
a way in which states redraw election districts based on the changing number of people in them.
Miranda Rights
all suspects must be read these rights before questioning.
Thurgood Marshall
a man who dedicated his life to fighting racism. Over the next 23 years since 1938, Marshall and other NAACP lawyers won 29 out of 32 cases argued in the Supreme Court.
Plessy V. Ferguson
upheld Louisiana's laws requiring that train passengers must be segregated by race. Established the doctrine of "separate but equal,"
Brown V. Board of Education
A case in which the father of 8 year-old Linda Brown had charged the Board of Education of Topeka of violating her rights by not letting her go to an all white elementry school, four blocks away from her house. The Supreme Court struck down segregation in schooling as a violation of the 14th Amendment.
"Little Rock Nine"
nine African-American students who had volunteered to intigrate Little Rock's Central High School.
Rosa Parks
a seamstress and a NAACP officer, took a seat in the front row of the "colored" section of a Montgomery bus. She refused to move for a white person who wanted to sit in her seat while the bus filled up.
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
a 26 year-old elected pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, led the Montgomery Improvement Association in the organization of a boycott.
SCLC
(Southern Christian Leadership Conference) planned to stage protests and demonstrations throughout the South.
SNCC
(Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) a national protest group, wanting African-Americans in all white schools.
sit-ins
a protest in which African-American protestors sat down at segregated luch counters and refused to leave until they were served.
freedom riders
were white civil rights activists and CORE memberson a bus trip across the South, who tested the Supreme Court in segregated bus seatings.
Civil Rights Act of 1944
prohibited discrimination because of race, religon, national origin, and gender. No longer segregated African-Americans and whites.
James Meredith
Air Force veteran, who won a federal court case that allowed him to enroll in an all-white school called Ole Miss.
Birmingham protests
the attempt to desegregate Birmingham, Alabama a city with the most stricted segregation laws. When people started marching in the city, officers beat, clubbed, have dogs attack, and arrested many people.
Freedom Summer
in the summer of 1964, college students volunteered to go to Mississippi to help register African-American voters.
Selma Campaign
in the start of 1965, the SCLC conducted a major voting rights campaign in Selma, Alabama. Had a 50 mile march from Selma to Montgomery. In return the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
24th Amendment
barred poll taxes
Voting Rights Act of 1964
let African-Americans finally vote.
Defactos segrergation
segregation that exists by practice and custom.
Dejure segregation
segregation by law
Malcolm X
a leader that urged his followers to take control of their communities, livlihoods, and culture.
Nation of Islam
Black muslims
Black Panthers
a political party that advocated self-sufficiency for African-Americans.
Civil Rights Act of 1968
ended discrimination in housing.