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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the four Piagetian periods
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sensori-motor, pre-operational, concrete operations, formal operations
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Define Artificial intelligence (AI)
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A branch of computer science that investigates the extent to which machines can simulate or duplicate the intelligent behavior of living organisms
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What are the neural networks that are programmed to learn by corrective feedback instead of by applying Hebb’s Rule?
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Back-propagation systems
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Define Cognitive science
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A multidiscipline approach to studying cognition in humans, animals and machines
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Who did pioneering research on information-processing in the 1950s and 1960s that significantly enhanced the populatiry of cognitive psychology
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George A. Miller
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Define Neural Networks
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A sytem of input, hidden, and output units that is capable of learning if the mathematical weights among the units are systematically modified either according to Hebb’s rule or by back-propagation
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What is New Connectionism?
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The most recent type of AI that utilizes artificial systems of neurons called neural networks. As contrasted with GOFAI, which employed the sequential processing of information according to specified rules, new connectionsm employs the brain as the model
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Who is famous for the "Chinese Room" experiment?
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John Searle
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He tried to demonstrate that computer programs can simulate human thought process but not duplicate them. So he accepts week AI but rejects strong AI
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John Searle
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What is strong AI?
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the contention that machines (such as computers) can duplicate human cognitive processes
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What is Weak AI?
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the contention that machines (such as computers) can simulate human cognitive processes but not duplicate them
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What is the Turing Test?
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“the imitation game” A test devised to determine whether a machine can think. Questions given to both human and machine and if they are indistinguishable, it is concluded that the machine can think.
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In his book Remembering: A Study of Experimental and Social Psychology he found that information is always encoded, stored and recalled in terms of an individual’s preconceptions and attitudes.
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Sir Frederic Charles Bartlett
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He published more than 50 books and monographs (63,000 pages) on genetic epistemology, or developmental intelligence.
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Jean Piaget
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He published Counseling and Psychotherapy: Newer Concepts in Practice which challenged both radical behaviorism and psychoanalysis by emphasizing the importance of conscious experience in the therapeutic situation
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Carl Rogers
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He published The Language and Thought of the Child
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Jean Piaget
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Bernard Baars called him the “..single most effective leader…”
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George A. Miller
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"The magical number seven, plus or minus two” (1956)
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George Millers article that summariezed people can only retain about seven meaningful units of experience (numbers, words, or short sentences)
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He was President of APA in 1969
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George A. Miller
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Wrote Cognitive Psychology and
Cognition and Reality |
Ulrich Neisser
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Throughout most of psychology’s history, how was cognition studied? What philosopher provided the framework within which cognition could be studied experimentally?
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Throughout psychology’s history, human cognition was studied philosophically. J.S. Mill provided the framework for it to be studied scientifically. And Fechner, Ebbinghaus, James, Barlett and Piaget demonstrated how it could be studied experimentally.
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Who made early efforts (before 1950) to study human cognition experimentally.
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George Miller, Broadbent, Lashley, Festinger, Bruner, Tracy and Kendler, Chomsky
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3. Give examples of events that occurred in the 1950s that contributed to the development of experimental cognitive psychology.
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Turing test, Chinese Room
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4. Describe the pivotal events that occurred in the 1960s that contributed to the current popularity of experimental cognitive psychology
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Hebb urged scientific methods be used to study behavior, Miller and Bruner founded Center for Cognitive Studies to promote research and popularize ideas. Books such as Cognitive Psychology (Neisser) and Psychology: The Science of Mental Life (Milller)
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What is the Chinese Room Argument
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is one of the best known and widely credited counters to claims of artificial intelligence (AI), i.e., to claims that computers do or at least can (someday might) think. According to Searle's original presentation, the argument is based on two truths: brains cause minds, and syntax doesn't suffice for semantics.
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