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57 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is anemia?
decrease in oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
Are anemias caused ONLY because of a decrease in the # of RBCs?
No, anemias can also be caused by a decrease in the amount or quality of Hb in the RBCs
What are the 2 things that classify anemias?
size, Hb content
What is a clinical manifestation that can be caused due to anemias?
hypoxia
What does macrocytic normochromic anemia (megaloblastic) mean?
RBCs that are large and have normal Hb content
What causes megaloblastic anemias?
stem cells in bone marrow are unusually large so they produce RBCs that have defective DNA which delays cell division so the RBC gets large
What are the 2 megaloblastic anemias?
pernicious anemia, folate deficiency anemia
What is pernicious anemia caused by?
deficiency in intrinsic factor (IF)
What is intrinsic factor important in?
absorption of vitamin B-12
What is B-12 important for in RBC precursors?
DNA synthesis
What are the 3 causes of IF deficiency?
gastric damage/disease, congenital, aging
What is folate necessary for?
DNA synthesis in RBC precursors
Who are the 3 most common groups of people with folate deficiencies?
malnourished people, chronic alcoholics, elderly
What does microcytic hypochromic anemia mean?
small RBCs, below normal Hb content
What deficiency is seen in microcytic hypochromic anemia?
iron
What are the common causes of iron-deficient anemia?
nutritional iron deficiency, pregnancy, chronic blood loss
What does the iron-deficiency symptom koilonnychia entail?
brittle, spoon-shaped fingernails
What is glossitis?
painful, swollen, red tongue
What are the types of anemias called where the size of the RBCs is normal and so is the Hb content?
normocytic normochromic anemias
What is the problem with normocytic normochromic anemias?
insufficient # of RBCs
What anemia occurs when RBCs are not formed in the bone marrow?What is it caused by?
aplastic anemia; chemicals that damage bone marrow
What is hemolytic anemia?
RBCs are made normally but destructed once they reach blood vessels
What are the 3 causes of hemolytic anemia?
Type II HS, drug-induced, autoimmune diseases
What anemia is caused by acute blood loss with otherwise normal iron stores?
posthemorrhagic anemia
What is sickle cell anemia?
when there is a genetic mutation in the Hb gene causing it to polymerize and change shape
What is polycythemia?
excessive production of RBCs
What hormone is secreted to cause polycythemia?
EPO
Why is EPO secreted?
due to hypoxia
What is the difference between hypoxia and anemia?
hypoxia is due to insufficient oxygen supply, anemia is due to decreased oxygen-carrying capacity; anemia can cause hypoxia
What type of polycythemia does dehydration cause?
relative polycythemia
How does dehydration cause relative polycythemia?
dehydration causes a decrease in blood volume which means an increase in relative RBC # so there are more RBCs trying to get the same molecule of oxygen, therefore causing a decrease in oxygen-carrying capacity
What do the suffixes “-philia” and “-cytosis” mean?
count is higher than normal
What does the suffix “-penia” mean?
count is lower than normal
leukocytosis
higher than normal WBC #
neutropenia
lower than normal neutrophil #
eosinophilia
higher than normal eosinophil #
What is lymphadenopathy?
enlarged lymph nodes that are palpable and tender
If lymph nodes near site of infection are enlarged what is it called? If nodes away from site are enlarged?
localized; generalized
What can cause generalized lymphadenopathy?
some types of cancers
What is an enlarged spleen called?
splenomegaly
What 3 disorders can cause splenomegaly?
infection, liver disorders, anemias (hemolytic & sickle cell)
What is hypersplenism?
when the spleen is enlarged and hyperactive
What is a decrease in # of platelets called?
thrombocytopenia
What are 3 causes of thrombocytopenia?
agents that damage bone marrow, autoimmune diseases, adverse respons to Heparin
What does heparin do to platelets to cause a decrease in the # of platelets circulating the bloodstream?
heparin causes the platelets to aggregate and form many small clots throughout body
What is a drug that decreases blood clotting?
aspirin, warfarin
What are 2 medical conditions that affect blood clotting?
Vitamin K deficiency, hemophilia
Why is Vitamin K important in clotting?
it is necessary for synthesis of clotting factors
What is hemophilia?
congenital deficiency in certain clotting factors
What is disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?
widespread activation of clotting throughout the body
What are some of the main causes of DIC?
burns, multiple-trauma, shock
What is the pathophysiology of DIC?
endothelium is damaged and inflammation begins > tissue factor (TF) is exposed > TF activates clotting factor cascade > clots form throughout body and platelet supply has diminished > hemorrhaging occurs due to lack of platelets to form clots
What are the 3 cancers of WBCs?
leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma
Where is leukemia found?
free floating in the blood
How is lymphoma discovered?
a lymphocyte is found that is usually solid
What are the 2 categories of lymphomas?
Hodgkin lymphoma (B-cell tumor); non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B, T, or NK cell tumors)
What causes multiple myeloma?
B-cell tumor forms in bone marrow